estimate the impact of compulsory schooling on earnings by using quarter of birth as an instrumental variable for education in an earnings equation. This provides a valid identification strategy because date of birth is unlikely to be correlated with omitted earnings determinants. The instrumental

that has been contaminated with additive noise, the goal is to identify which elementary signals participated and to approximate their coefficients. Although many algorithms have been proposed, there is little theory which guarantees that these algorithms can accurately and efficiently solve the problem

such as Cholesky achieve little speedup regardless of the protocol used because of the frequency of synchronization operations and the high latency involved. While the use of relaxed memory models, lazy implementations, and multiple-writer protocols has reduced the impact of false sharing, synchronization latency

Teacher quality is widely believed to be important for education, despite little ev-idence that teachers ’ credentials matter for student achievement. To accurately measure variation in achievement due to teachers ’ characteristics–both observ-able and unobservable–it is essential to identify

be dramatically reduced because designers need only veri ’ the correctness of the checker unit. We detail the DIVA checker architecture, a design optimized for simplicity and low cost. Using detailed timing simulation, we show that even resource-frugal DIVA checkers have little impact on core processor

ecosystems without the traditional requirement for cultivation has resulted in the discovery of many unexpected evolutionary lineages; members of some of these lineages are only distantly related to known organisms but are sufficiently abundant that they are likely to have impact on the chemistry

protocol between the nodes must be in place to maintain the tree under the effects of network dynamics and unpredictable client behaviors. ZIGZAG handles such situations gracefully requiring a constant amortized control overhead. Especially, failure recovery can be done regionally with little impact

and product market dimensions, and a role of venture capital for innovative companies. 3 Venture capital is widely believed to contribute to the competitive strength of the U.S. economy by promoting the development of innovative start-ups. Yet little is known about what kind of companies are most likely

. Razor energy overheads during normal operation are limited to 3.1%. Analyses of a fullcustom multiplier and a SPICE-level Kogge-Stone adder model reveal that substantial energy savings are possible for these devices (up to 64.2%) with little impact on performance due to error recovery (less than 3%). 1

It is well-known that simple, accidental BGP configuration errors can disrupt Internet connectivity. Yet little is known about the frequency of misconfiguration or its causes, except for the few spectacular incidents of widespread outages. In this paper, we present the first quantitative study