Internal political and social movements of the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries neglected Islamic education within the Muslim world and allowed external secular and missionary ideas to turn it into "religious " education. Variations in worldview and interpretation of Qur

Organizing and executing a strategy for firms operating

An e-book excerpt from fm.3.qxd 8/15/02 11:40 AM Page ii Dedicated to the Sacred and Enduring Presence of Shaykh Ah.mad ibn Mus.t.af ā al-Shādhilı ̄ al-‘Alawı̄ fm.3.qxd 8/15/02 11:40 AM Page iii fm.3.qxd 8/15/02 11:40 AM Page iv

Good institutional quality (function) and similar institutional design (form) can promote international trade by reducing transactions costs. We evaluate the relative importance of function versus form in a gravity model, using an indicator of different legal systems as a proxy for differences in form together with indicators of overall institutional quality. We find that good institutions promote trade much more than similar legal systems and have much more explanatory power. This effect is economically large –up to 10 times the effect of different legal systems. Moreover, better infrastructure matters as much as good institutions.

This study investigates correlation between journal self – citation and impact factor in Agriculture and Veterinary subject category through the scientific journals indexed in ISC's PJCR during 2001 to 2007. Citation analysis is used to conduct the research. The results indicate a significant correlation between impact factor and journal self – citation (r=0.425, sig = 0.000); that is, journals with low impact factor have less self – citation that indicates self – citation has a positive effect on impact factor. Pearson Correlation Coefficient demonstrates a relationship between impact factor and number of articles in negative side (r=-0.170, sig=0.037) that means the number of articles does not affect journal impact factor and also journals with more articles do not have higher impact factor. There is a significant relationship between the number of articles and journal self – citation (r = 0.596, sig = 0.000) that indicates the more number of articles the more number of self-citations. Findings show that journal self – cited

-Response Theory Model, it analyzes the combinations of individual and country factors that account for the patterns of anti-Americanism. It finds that ambivalence is a prominent feature of people’s attitude towards America in the Islamic world. It also finds that most of the variation is ex-plained by individual

Beirut has successively been seen as the icon of the war-destroyed city, the paradigmatic case of “urbicide ” 1 and then as the symbol of a city rebirth through the reconstruction of its city center, 2 praised in real estate journals and sold as a booming touristic destination to natives of

essential component of an Islamic

political advice literature emanating from the Islamic world. We compare Muslim and Christian advisory writings from the medieval period using automated text analysis and identify four conceptually distinct areas of concern common to both Muslim and Christian polities. While political advice givers in both

The current study offers a critical interpretation of the more transient traces of Islam in Australia, and their representation in the equally scanty tangible evidences. The scope of recent surveys in this field is increasingly inclusive. However, very few studies focus on the architecture