The theoretical framework presented in this article explains expert performance as the end result of individuals ' prolonged efforts to improve performance while negotiating motivational and external constraints. In most domains of expertise, individuals begin in their childhood a regimen

An "autorating" (peer rating) system designed to account for individual performance in team projects was used in two sophomore-level chemical engineering courses in which the students did their homework in cooperative learning teams. Team members confidentially rated how well

We study the dynamics of social networks in terms of population growth and control of user behavior. Most of the current research in social networks focus on static analysis through graph theoretic models to represent the networks or focus on modeling the traffic. Here, we study the cost of collaborative vs individualistic behavior of users in order to grow their network size in a social network. Each user incurs a cost (monetary or emotional) for collaboration. We formulate the behavior of the users as a non-linear optimization problem with a cost. The objective function of the optimization problem is obtained using a stochastic analysis of population growth in social networks, based on the first-passage time of a birth-death process. The stochastic model is validated by comparison with real data obtained from Twitter Results indicate that a homogeneous social network (in which users have similar characteristics) will be individualistic. However, heterogeneous social networks (users with different characteristics) exhibit a threshold effect, i.e., there is a minimum cost, below which the network is as collaborative as desired and a maximum cost above which the network is individualistic as required. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first analysis of dynamics of user behavior and temporal population growth in social networks.

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Within the past decade, significant effort has occurred in developing methods of facial expression analysis. Because most investigators have used relatively limited data sets, the generalizability of these various methods remains unknown. We describe the problem space for facial expression analysis

to be an important determinant of fund flows. High performance appears to be most salient for funds that exert higher marketing effort, as measured by higher fees. Flows are directly related to the size of the fund’s complex as well as the current media attention received by the fund, which lower consumers ’ search

and communication is key in addressing such uncertainties. Simply tting individual agents with precomputed coordination plans will not do, for their in flexibility can cause severe failures in teamwork, and their domain-specificity hinders reusability. Our central hypothesis is that the key to such flexibility

in individual effort level between groups. Our model thus provides one explanation for the existence of group-specific behavioral norms. A principal will prefer exogenous or endogenous group formation depending on whether he prefers high or low levels of the local public good. We analyze two stylized examples

. It is argued that the experimental evidence can be more effectively explained by seeing the reduction of effort being an individual motivation rather than a jointly conceived one: the shifts in behaviour often cause more work for one participant than another, and can even have deleterious effects on another

By putting effort into behaviours like foraging or scanning for predators, an animal can improve the correctness of its personal information about the environment. For animals living in groups, the individual can gain further information if it is able to assess public information about