by nearly 30 percent since the beginning of over, land trallsformation interacts strongly the Industrial Revolution; more atmospheric nitrogen is fixed by humanity than by all with most other components of global ennatural terrestrial sources combined; more than half of all accessible surface fresh water

temperature and precipitation rate, moisture source conditions, wind strength and aerosol fluxes of marine, volcanic, terrestrial, cosmogenic and anthropogenic origin. They are also unique with their entrapped air inclusions in providing direct records of past changes in atmospheric trace-gas composition

of change, a ranking of the biomes with respect to expected changes, and the major sources of uncertainties. For terrestrial ecosystems, land-use change probably will have the largest effect, followed by climate change, nitrogen deposition, biotic exchange, and elevated carbon dioxide concentration

for their capability to supply massive amounts of carbon emission–free energy and for their potential for large-scale commercialization. Possible candidates for primary energy sources include terrestrial solar and wind energy, solar power satellites, biomass, nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, fission-fusion hybrids

Probably the single most fundamental measure o “global change ” of highest practical interest to hu mankind is the change in terrestrial biological pro ductivity. Biological productivity is the source of

, where the surface reflectance is usually very bright in the red part of visible spectrum and in the near infrared, but is much darker in the blue spectral region (i.e., wavelength 500 nm). In order to infer atmospheric properties from these data, a global surface reflectance database of 0.1 latitude

Abstract Current and past land use practices are critical in determining the distribution and size of global terrestrial carbon (C) sources and sinks. Although fossil fuel emissions dominate the an-thropogenic perturbation of the global C cycle, land use still drives the largest portion of anthropo

Sea-level rise will alter the hydrology of terrestrial coastal ecosystems. As such, it becomes increasingly important to decipher the present role of ocean water in coastal ecosystems in order to assess the coming effects of sea-level rise scenarios. Sand dunes occur at the interface of land

of background and anthropogenically altered sources, on the order of 1.9 Pg C y)1 from the terrestrial

remained unclear. This paper presents simulations and a scaling theory that establish conditions under which superrotation occurs in terrestrial atmospheres. Whether superrotation arises depends on the relative importance of factors that favor or disfavor superrotation. Convection preferentially generates