in the system. This article reviews the basic concepts of fault-tolerant computing, focusing on hardware. It examines failures, faults, and errors in digital systems and defines measures of dependability, which dictate and evaluate fault-tolerance strategies for different classes of applications. The various

Among the most frequent questions that the public and decision makers ask climate scientists are: What do we know about past climate? What are our uncertainties? What do we know about the causes of climate variations and change? What are our uncertainties on causes? The scientific methods of climate re-analysis (henceforth, reanalysis) and attribution play important roles in helping to address such questions. This Chapter is intended to provide readers with an initial foundation for understanding the nature and scientific roles of reanalysis and attribution, as well as their potential relevance for applications and decision making. These subjects are then discussed in detail in the following chapters.

Graphical representations for probabilistic relationships have recently received considerable attention in A1. Qualitative probabilistic networks abstract from the usual numeric representations by encoding only qualitative relationships, which are inequality constraints on the joint probability distribution over the variables. Although these constraints are insufficient to determine probabilities uniquely, they are designed to justify the deduction of a class of relative likelihood conclusions that imply useful decision-making properties. Two types of qualitative relationship are defined, each a probabilistic form of monotonicity constraint over a group of variables. Qualitative influences describe the direction of the relationship between two variables. Qualitative synergies describe interactions among influences. The probabilistic definitions chosen justify sound and efficient inference procedures based on graphical manipulations of the network. These procedures answer queries about qualitative relationships among variables separated in the network and determine structural properties of optimal assignments to decision variables.

the examples and definitions of metaprogramming in computer science, identify, describe and discuss the fundamental concepts of metaprogramming (code generation, transformation, reflection, generalization, metaprogram, metadata, level of abstraction and separation of concerns). We analyze their relationship

Dependability is the system property that integrates such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, security, survivability, maintainability. The aim of the presentation is to summarize the fundamental concepts of dependability. After a historical perspective, definitions of dependability

The following article appeared in Under consideration for publication in J. Plasma Phys. Further reproduction distribution of this paper is subject to the journal publication rules. Under consideration for publication in J. Plasma Phys. 1

speaking about progress in science generally, suggests that "...our present problems, our methods, our scientific concepts are, at least partly, the results of a scientific tradition which accompanies or leads the way of science through the centuries. It is therefore natural to ask to what

The oft-quoted headline [by the Standish Group] is that only 28 % of IT projects actually succeed fully: 49 % are "challenged " and 23 % fail. Of course this kind of statistic rests very heavily on the definition of success, and it's significant that the Standish [Group] defines success

Abstract Dependability is the system property that integrates such attributes as reliability, availability, safety, security, survivability, maintainability. The aim of the presentation is to summarize the fundamental concepts of dependability. After a historical perspective, definitions

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) is a merger of two declarative paradigms: constraint solving and logic programming. Although a relatively new field, CLP has progressed in several quite different directions. In particular, the early fundamental concepts have been adapted to better serve