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Building a Large Annotated Corpus of English: The Penn Treebank

by Mitchell P. Marcus, Beatrice Santorini, Mary Ann Marcinkiewicz - COMPUTATIONAL LINGUISTICS , 1993
"... There is a growing consensus that significant, rapid progress can be made in both text understanding and spoken language understanding by investigating those phenomena that occur most centrally in naturally occurring unconstrained materials and by attempting to automatically extract information abou ..."
Abstract - Cited by 2740 (10 self) - Add to MetaCart
and comparison of the adequacy of parsing models. In this paper, we review our experience with constructing one such large annotated corpus--the Penn Treebank, a corpus 1 consisting of over 4.5 million words of American English. During the first three-year phase of the Penn Treebank Project (1989

The Complete Atomic Structure of the Large Ribosomal Subunit at 2.4 Å Resolution

by Nenad Ban, Poul Nissen, Jeffrey Hansen, Peter B. Moore, Thomas A. Steitz - Science , 2000
"... ation, and termination phases of protein synthesis. Because the structures of several DNA and RNA polymerases have been determined at atomic resolution, the mechanisms of DNA and RNA synthesis are both well understood. Determination of the structure of the ribosome, however, has proven a daunting t ..."
Abstract - Cited by 539 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
mystery. Electron microscopy has contributed to our understanding of ribosome structure ever since the ribosome was discovered. In the last few years, three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopic images of the ribosome have been produced at resolutions sufficiently high to visualize many of the proteins

The eyes have it: A task by data type taxonomy for information visualizations

by Ben Shneiderman - IN IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON VISUAL LANGUAGES , 1996
"... A useful starting point for designing advanced graphical user interjaces is the Visual lnformation-Seeking Mantra: overview first, zoom and filter, then details on demand. But this is only a starting point in trying to understand the rich and varied set of information visualizations that have been ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1265 (28 self) - Add to MetaCart
proposed in recent years. This paper offers a task by data type taxonomy with seven data types (one-, two-, three-dimensional datu, temporal and multi-dimensional data, and tree and network data) and seven tasks (overview, Zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts).

Quantization

by Robert M. Gray, David L. Neuhoff - IEEE TRANS. INFORM. THEORY , 1998
"... The history of the theory and practice of quantization dates to 1948, although similar ideas had appeared in the literature as long ago as 1898. The fundamental role of quantization in modulation and analog-to-digital conversion was first recognized during the early development of pulsecode modula ..."
Abstract - Cited by 884 (12 self) - Add to MetaCart
provide a theory for quantization as analog-to-digital conversion and as data compression. Beginning with these three papers of fifty years ago, we trace the history of quantization from its origins through this decade, and we survey the fundamentals of the theory and many of the popular and promising

Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures

by Mauricio G. C. Resende , Celso C. Ribeiro , 2002
"... GRASP is a multi-start metaheuristic for combinatorial problems, in which each iteration consists basically of two phases: construction and local search. The construction phase builds a feasible solution, whose neighborhood is investigated until a local minimum is found during the local search phas ..."
Abstract - Cited by 647 (82 self) - Add to MetaCart
phase. The best overall solution is kept as the result. In this chapter, we first describe the basic components of GRASP. Successful implementation techniques and parameter tuning strategies are discussed and illustrated by numerical results obtained for different applications. Enhanced or alternative

Romantic Love Conceptualized as an Attachment Process,”

by Cindy Hazan , Phillip Shaver , Mary Ainsworth , John Bowlby , Harry Gollob , Kirk-Patrick Lee , Roger Kobak , Anne Peplau , Harry Reis , Judith Schwartz , Ar-Lene Skolnick , Robert Sternberg - Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, , 1987
"... This article explores the possibility that romantic love is an attachment process--a biosocial process by which affectional bonds are formed between adult lovers, just as affectional bonds are formed earlier in life between human infants and their parents. Key components of attachment theory, devel ..."
Abstract - Cited by 729 (18 self) - Add to MetaCart
, developed by Bowlby, Ainsworth, and others to explain the development of affectional bonds in infancy, were translated into terms appropriate to adult romantic love. The translation centered on the three major styles of attachment in infancy--secure, avoidant, and anxious/ambivalent--and on the notion

Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration

by Jeffrey D. Sachs, Andrew Warner - Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , 1995
"... world economy roughly accorded with the idea of three distinct economic systems: a capitalist first world, a socialist second world, and a developing third world which aimed for a middle way between the first two. The third world was characterized not only by its low levels of per capita GDP, but al ..."
Abstract - Cited by 580 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
world economy roughly accorded with the idea of three distinct economic systems: a capitalist first world, a socialist second world, and a developing third world which aimed for a middle way between the first two. The third world was characterized not only by its low levels of per capita GDP

The Elements of

by Caley Earle R, Earle R. Caley - Statistical Learning: Data mining, Inference, and Prediction , 2001
"... Several years ago a native found in the bed of the Alpheus River in Greece a roughly rectangular sheet of metal which was evidently the flattened side of a cylindrical vessel, possibly a bucket or similar container. A repousee design in Greek style of considerable artistic merit had been formed in t ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1554 (32 self) - Add to MetaCart
Several years ago a native found in the bed of the Alpheus River in Greece a roughly rectangular sheet of metal which was evidently the flattened side of a cylindrical vessel, possibly a bucket or similar container. A repousee design in Greek style of considerable artistic merit had been formed

The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine.

by Sergey Brin , Lawrence Page - Comput. Netw. ISDN Syst., , 1998
"... Abstract In this paper, we present Google, a prototype of a large-scale search engine which makes heavy use of the structure present in hypertext. Google is designed to crawl and index the Web efficiently and produce much more satisfying search results than existing systems. The prototype with a fu ..."
Abstract - Cited by 4673 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
of queries every day. Despite the importance of large-scale search engines on the web, very little academic research has been done on them. Furthermore, due to rapid advance in technology and web proliferation, creating a web search engine today is very different from three years ago. This paper provides

Ontologies: Principles, methods and applications

by Mike Uschold, Michael Gruninger - KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING REVIEW , 1996
"... This paper is intended to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the emerging field concerned with the design and use of ontologies. We observe that disparate backgrounds, languages, tools, and techniques are a major barrier to effective communication among people, organisations, and/or software s ..."
Abstract - Cited by 582 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
motivating their need, we clarify just what ontologies are and what purposes they serve. We outline a methodology for developing and evaluating ontologies, first discussing informal techniques, concerning such issues as scoping, handling ambiguity, reaching agreement and producing de nitions. We
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