In both e-business and e-science, we often need to integrate services across distributed, heterogeneous, dynamic “virtual organizations ” formed from the disparate resources within a single enterprise and/or from external resource sharing and service provider relationships. This integration can

The chapter begins by pointing out that external opening, which here means reductions in barriers to international trade, still has a long way to go. It reviews the evidence on the economic benefits from integration. It reports an econometric attempt to address a major concern regarding

Annotea is a Web-based shared annotation system based on a general-purpose open RDF infrastructure, where annotations are modeled as a class of metadata. Annotations are viewed as statements made by an author about a Web document. Annotations are external to the documents and can be stored in one

in growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate if external openness had any influence on the evolution of infant mortality rates (IMR) in Chinese provinces since the beginning of the eighteen's. The first section is devoted to a brief comment on the evolution of the IMR. In section 2 and 3 we

is crucial for assessing the impact of open source software. This article identifies two broad types of motivations that account for their participation in open source projects. The first category includes internal factors such as intrinsic motivation and altruism, and the second category focuses on external

China and India have experienced high economic growth over the last two decades after a long period of the stagnation. During the period 1980-2007 India’s annual growth rate of per capita income was 6.4 percent compared with that of China of 10.9 percent*1. While India’s growth performance has been considerable, China’s has been miracle. The main propose of this paper is to provide the comparative

We present an actor language which is an extension of a simple functional language, and provide a precise operational semantics for this extension. Actor configurations represent open distributed systems, by which we mean that the specification of an actor system explicitly takes into account

specific ways of searching and browsing. Also, the RDF export, that gives direct access to the formalised knowledge, opens Wikipedia up to a wide range of external applications, that will be able to use it as a background knowledge base.

, distributed, open multi-agent problem solving systems. These include matchmakers or yellow page agents that process advertisements, blackboard agents that collect requests, and brokers that process both. The behaviors of each type of middle-agent have certain performance characteristics

of negative externalities are research coalitions and customs unions. Examples of positive externalities include output cartels and public goods coalitions. I characterize and compare stable coalition structures under the following three rules of coalition formation: the Open Z. Membership game of Yi