is then studied by its implementation in an offline single-column model of a regional atmospheric climate model. The LES results show that the boundary layer quasi-equilibrium closure typically overestimates the cloud-base mass flux after cloud onset, due to the neglect of significant moisture and temperature

cumulus convec-tion. With minor modifications, it is also found to perform well for deep oceanic and continental cumulus convection, and it matches simulated cloud-base mass flux much better than a closure based only on the boundary layer convective velocity scale. CIN closure maintains an important

in the frequency distribution of precipitation rates and cloud base mass-flux are examined as a function of the parameters that define each closure scheme. The relationship between the frequency distribution of

We study N = 1 gauge theories obtained by adding finite mass terms to N = 4 Yang-Mills theory. The Maldacena dual is nonsingular: in each of the many vacua, there is an extended brane source, arising from Myers’ dielectric effect. The source consists of one or more (p,q) 5-branes. In particular

of cloud-base transition-layer depth to sub-cloud mixed-layer depth. This puts ‘valve’- or ventilation-type closures for the cloud-base mass flux in the context of the variance budget for the sub-cloud layer. Copyright 2007 Royal Meteorological

) for the parameterization of deep cumulus convection. It is found that the temporal variability of the ZM scheme is sensitive to a number of its internal parameters as well to the use of a prognostic, rather than diagnostic, closure condition for the cloud-base mass flux. Sensitivity experiments suggest that the ZM scheme

the effects of precipitation-cooled downdrafts. They differ from one another in the closure that determines the cloud-base mass flux. One closure is based on the assumption of boundary layer quasi-equilibrium proposed by Raymond and Emanuel. It is shown that a realistic hurricane-like vortex develops from

the convective limit. Additionally, we have considered the contribu-tions of the sensible heat carried by precipitation and the requirement hat the net dry mass flux be zero (the so-called Webb correction [Webb et al., 1980]). The algorithm has been tuned to fit measurements made on the R/V Moana Wave

We show how turning on Flux for RR (and NS-NS) field strengths on non-compact Calabi-Yau 3-folds can serve as a way to partially break supersymmetry from N = 2 to N = 1 by mass deformation. The freezing of the moduli of Calabi-Yau in the presence of the flux is the familiar phenomenon of freezing

contributed by the aerosol, mass concentration, and number of cloud condensation nuclei round out the list of available aerosol products over the ocean. The spectral optical thickness and effective radius of the aerosol over the ocean are validated by comparison with two years of Aerosol Robotic Network