is also described and discussed. Finally, representative performance benchmarks and system behavior experiments on NIST SRE corpora are presented. © 2000 Academic Press Key Words: speaker recognition; Gaussian mixture models; likelihood ratio detector; universal background model; handset normalization

methodologies; they are grouped in 2-D approaches with or without explicit shape models and 3-D approaches. Where appropriate, systems are reviewed. We conclude with some thoughts about future directions. c ○ 1999 Academic Press 1.

without any degradation of performances and prove especially useful in the context of data bases query optimisation. ; 1985 Academic Press, Inc

elongation and/or the release of stable LIN-14 protein. © 1999 Academic Press Key Words: heterochronic genes; translation; C. elegans; lin-4 RNA; polyribosomes.

of parameters that define the redundancy of the system. c 2000 Academic Press Key Words: inverse kinematics; real-time IK; human arm kinematics; analytical algorithms

reports and indicate that VBM is a useful technique for studying structural brain correlates of ageing through life in humans. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: ageing; normal; MRI; voxel based morphometry. INTRODUCTION There is compelling evidence from post mortem and in vivo studies that the brain

spatial filtering to smooth the estimated autocorrelation, but only within tissue type. Using this approach when prewhitening reduced bias to close to zero at probability levels as low as 1 � 10 �5. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: FMRI analysis; GLM; temporal filtering; temporal autocorrelation; spatial

support the Indexical Hypothesis that the meaning of a sentence is constructed by (a) indexing words and phrases to real objects or perceptual, analog symbols; (b) deriving affordances from the objects and symbols; and (c) meshing the affordances under the guidance of syntax. © 2000 Academic Press Key

as the boundary moves. We find that, in the moving boundary case, the use of Crank–Nicolson time discretization is unstable, requiring us to use the L0-stable implicit Runge–Kutta method of Twizell, Gumel, and Arigu (1996, Adv. Comput. Math. 6, 333). c ○ 2001 Academic Press Key Words: 35K15 initial value problems

A method to locate the zeros of orthogonal polynomials with respect to nonstandard inner products is discussed and applied to Sobolev orthogonal polynomials and polynomials satisfying higher-order recurrence relations. © 2001 Academic Press Key Words: zeros; higher-order recurrence relation; matrix