With increasing size and complexity of the implementations of information systems, it is necessary to use some logical construct (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and the integration of all of the components of the system. This paper defines information systems

reinforcement in both immediate-reinforcement tasks and certain limited forms of delayed-reinforcement tasks, and they do this without explicitly computing gradient estimates or even storing information from which such estimates could be computed. Specific examples of such algorithms are presented, some

of Economic Yet another use of subjective well-being has been to provide an external check on economic indicators. For example, Nordhaus (1998) and What are economists to make of this enterprise? Can well-being be measured by a subjective survey, even approximately? In this paper, we discuss research on how

can yield benefits on three counts. First, it can provide a real-life test of current theory and research on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Second, because the proposed model deals with an unfolding sequence, it may serve to integrate existing knowledge on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

used when discussing enterprise applications. The term integration is inserted in technical papers, e-mail messages, correspondence, proposals, and even causal conversations. After many years of project work, and many misunderstandings and failed meetings and workshops, it can only be stated

Model management is a generic approach to solving problems of data programmability where precisely engineered mappings are required. Applications include data warehousing, e-commerce, object-to-relational wrappers, enterprise information integration, database portals, and report generators

constrained. This paper is a product of the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the Finance and Private Sector Development Vice-Presidency of the World Bank Group. We would like to thank all the participants in the European Central Bank Workshop “Access to finance of SMEs: What can we learn from survey data

of value. Third, the new economy is networked. At the heart of the connectivity of the global economy and of the exibility of informational production, there is a new form of economic organization, the network enterprise. This is not a network of enterprises. It is a network made from either rms

and deliberate peer learning. Peer learning can be defined as the acquisition of knowledge and skill through active helping and supporting among status equals or matched companions. It involves people from similar social groupings who are not professional teachers helping each other to learn and learning

visual world. How do we sense stability in the face of such dis-ruptions? What sorts of representations underlie this experience? Scenes can be described in terms of the quantity and quality of the information available for representation. To adequately describe the nature of the representations