and unique (isolated) types that ensures safe parallelism (race freedom and deterministic execution). The type system includes support for polymorphism over type qualifiers, and can easily create cycles of immutable objects. Key to the system’s flexibility is the ability to recover immutable or externally

• Extend C # for safe parallelism • Safe task & data parallelism –No locks –No mutable statics/globals • Statically enforce data-race freedom

on reference-abundant imperative object-oriented languages. In this chapter we briefly survey possible definitions of immutability and present recent work by the authors on adding immutability to object-oriented languages and how it impacts aliasing.

Dryad is a general-purpose distributed execution engine for coarse-grain data-parallel applications. A Dryad applica-tion combines computational “vertices ” with communica-tion “channels ” to form a dataflow graph. Dryad runs the application by executing the vertices of this graph on a set

Threads are the vehicle,for concurrency in many approaches to parallel programming. Threads separate the notion of a sequential execution stream from the other aspects of traditional UNIX-like processes, such as address spaces and I/O descriptors. The objective of this separation is to make

MPI (Message Passing Interface) is a specification for a standard library for message passing that was defined by the MPI Forum, a broadly based group of parallel computer vendors, library writers, and applications specialists. Multiple implementations of MPI have been developed. In this paper, we

have been devised to survey gene functions en masse either computationally (Marcotte et al., 1999) or experimentally; among these, highly parallel assays of

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for a minimum of 10 years. Analysis of expert performance provides unique evidence on the potential and limits of extreme environmental adaptation and learning. Our civilization has always recognized exceptional individuals, whose performance in sports, the arts, and science is vastly superior

The study of computational agents capable of rational behaviour has received a great deal of attention in recent years. Theoretical formalizations of such agents and their implementations have proceeded in parallel with little or no connection between them. This paper explores a particular