weight computation, soft-tissue volume deformation, and direct volume rendering. The result is a fully articulated body volume driven by intuitive joint control that respects rigid deformation of the bone structures and produces smooth deformations of both the skin surface and the interior soft tissue

the shape of an implicit volume in space; and we describe techniques for the aggregation of deformations resulting from multiple wires, domain curves and their interaction with each other and other deformation techniques. The power of our approach is illustrated using applications of animating figures

of highly deformable objects. The real time performance of the method and its intrinsic properties of volume conservation, modeling based in material properties and simple meshing make it particularly attractive for soft tissue modeling and surgery simulation.

, such as motion pictures and video games. In this paper, we present the most significant contributions of the past decade, which produce such impressive and perceivably realistic animations and simulations: finite element/difference/volume methods, mass-spring systems, meshfree methods, coupled particle systems

Automatic computer processing of large multidimensional images such as those produced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is greatly aided by deformable models, which are used to extract, identify, and quantify specific neuroanatomic structures. A general method of deforming polyhedra is presented

technique for quantifying in vivo soft-tissue deformation. Tantalum beads were implanted in the humerus and infra-spinatus tendon in a canine model of tendon injury and repair. Biplane X-ray images were acquired during treadmill trotting and tissue deformation was estimated from the three-dimensional bead

to compute natural movements and deformations of a body. In other cases, a physics-based simulation is required. Both practices are applied to the animation of human characters, textiles, and soft bodies. Regarding character animation, we capture real movements from human actors and form a new virtual

. To provide data for the design of virtual environments and teleoperated systems for surgery, it is necessary to measure tissue properties under both in vivo and ex vivo conditions. The former provides information about tissue behavior in its physiological state, while the latter can provide

tissues and fluid flows inside the brain. Many existing fluid-structure interaction approaches such as Immersed Boundary Method and Volume of Fluid do not satisfy conservation principles: conservation of mass and momentum and do not provide accurate resolution of the interfaces. This paper presents a

Abstract — We developed a subject-specific kinematic model to analyze in vivo soft-tissue interaction in the carpus in static, unloaded postures. The bone geometry was extracted from a reference computed tomography volume image. The softtissue geometry, including cartilage and ligament tissues