Does knowledge of language consist of mentally-represented rules? Rumelhart and McClelland have described a connectionist (parallel distributed processing) model of the acquisition of the past tense in English which successfully maps many stems onto their past tense forms, both regular (walk/walked) and irregular (go/went), and which mimics some of the errors and sequences of development of children. Yet the model contains no explicit rules, only a set of neuron-style units which stand for trigrams of phonetic features of the stem, a set of units which stand for trigrams of phonetic features of the past form, and an array of connections between the two sets of units whose strengths are modified during learning. Rumelhart and McClelland conclude that linguistic rules may be merely convenient approximate fictions and that the real causal processes in language use and acquisition must be characterized as the transfer of activation levels among units and the modification of the weights of their connections. We analyze both the linguistic and the developmental assumptions of the model in detail and discover that (1) it cannot represent certain words, (2) it cannot learn many rules, (3) it can learn rules found in no human language, (4) it cannot explain morphological and phonological regularities, (5) it cannot explain the differences between irregular and regular forms, (6) it fails at its assigned task of mastering the past tense of English, (7) it gives an incorrect explanation for two developmental phenomena: stages of overregularization of irregular forms such as bringed, and the appearance of doubly-marked forms such as ated, and (8) it gives accounts of two others (infrequent overregularization of verbs ending in t/d, and the order of acquisition of different irregula...

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In this paper we describe the CoNLL2005 shared task on Semantic Role Labeling.

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Object-oriented programming languages promise to improve programmer productivity by supporting abstract data types, inheritance, and message passing directly within the language. Unfortunately, traditional implementations of object-oriented language features, particularly message passing, have been much slower than traditional implementations of their non-object-oriented counterparts: the fastest existing implementation of Smalltalk-80 runs at only a tenth the speed of an optimizing C implementation. The dearth of suitable implementation technology has forced most object-oriented languages to be designed as hybrids with traditional non-object-oriented languages, complicating the languages and making programs harder to extend and reuse. This dissertation describes a collection of implementation techniques that can improve the run-time performance of object-oriented languages, in hopes of reducing the need for hybrid languages and encouraging wider spread of purely object-oriented langu...

Abstract. In this study, the impact collapse tests were performed to investigate collapse characteristics of Al/CFRP member which were composed of aluminum members wrapped with CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) outside aluminum member. Aluminum members absorb energy by stable plastic deformation, while CFRP members absorb energy by unstable brittle failure with higher specific strength and stiffness than those in the aluminum member. In an attempt to achieve a synergy effect by combing the two members, Al/CFRP members were manufactured and impact collapse tests were performed for the members. Based on the respective collapse characteristics of aluminum and CFRP members, the collapse modes and energy absorption capability were analyzed for Al/CFRP member which have different fiber orientation angle of CFRP. Test results showed that the collapse of the Al/CFRP member complemented unstable brittle failure of the CFRP member due to ductile nature of the inner aluminum member and the fiber orientation angle of Al/CFRP members influence energy absorption capability and collapse mode.

The nature of Logical Form is studied through an examination of the syntax and semantics of a range of constructions in Chinese that pertain to scope phenomena, anaphora, and the syntax of empty categories. At the descriptive level, we provide an extensive account of Chinese quantificational sentences, wh questions, A-not-A questions and cleft sentences. Several aspectS-of anaphora are also discu~sed. At the theoretical level, we consider what the observed facts would mean for an optimal theory of Universal Grammar (UG) and linguistic typology. An important intuition captured in traditional treatments of scope phenomena is that the surface order among quantifiers corresponds directly to their scope order in LF. A direct formulation of this idea as a principle f)f scope assignment, however, has been fouild to be in-

This article proposes that binge eating is motivated by a desire to escape from self-awareness. Binge eaten suffer from high standards and expectations, especially an acute sensitivity to the difficult (perceived) demands of others. When they fall short of these standards, they develop an aversive pattern of high self-awareness, characterized by unflattering views of self and concern over how they are perceived by others. These aversive self-perceptions are accompanied by emotional dis-tress, which often includes anxiety and depression. To escape from this unpleasant state, binge eaters attempt the cognitive response of narrowing attention to the immediate stimulus environ-ment and avoiding broadly meaningful thought. This narrowing of attention disengages normal inhibitions against eating and fosters an uncritical acceptance of irrational beliefs and thoughts. The escape model is capable of integrating much of the available evidence about binge eating. Overeating has long been an accepted aspect of human behav-ior. The ancient Roman orgiastic binges are well known, and today's holiday feasts likewise reflect both the social norms favoring heavy eating and the frequent personal enjoyment of hypersatiety. Some individuals, however, eat prodigiously until they become obese or otherwise threaten their physical well-be-ing. Recent conceptualizations of pathological overeating range from the disinhibited (or binge) eating of the chronic dieter to the voluminous eating of those suffering from bulimia nervosa. Although the patterns, motivations, and implications of under-lying psychopathology may vary, these individuals do share the central characteristic of periodically consuming vast quantities of food. In many cases, the overeating may be a paradoxical conse-quence of attempts at caloric restriction, including dieting

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