Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de

à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l'Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de doctorat en Médecine Expérimentale pour l'obtention du grade de Philosophise Doctor (PhD)

Moisés Sáenz: relevance of his legacy edmund t. hamann escuela normal superior “profr. moisés sáenz garza” fondo editorial de nuevo león Monterrey, México, 2015 Moisés Sáenz: relevance of his legacy lic. rodrigo medina de la cruz Gobernador Constitucional del Estado de Nuevo León mtro. jesús

To update a famous old statistic: a political leader in a developing country is twice as likely to lose office in the 6 months following a currency crash as otherwise. This difference, which is highly significant statistically, holds regardless whether the devaluation takes place in the context of an IMF program. Why are devaluations so costly? Many of the currency crises of the last ten years have been associated with output loss. Is this, as alleged, because of excessive reliance on raising the interest rate as a policy response? More likely it is because of contractionary effects of devaluation. There are various possible contractionary effects of devaluation, but it is appropriate that the balance sheet effect receives the most emphasis. Passthrough from exchange rate changes to import prices in developing countries is not the problem: this coefficient fell in the 1990s, as a look at some narrowly defined products shows. Rather, balance sheets are the problem. How can countries mitigate the fall in output resulting from the balance sheet effect in crises? In the shorter term, adjusting promptly after inflows cease is better than procrastinating by shifting to short-term dollar debt, which raises the costliness of the devaluation when it finally comes. In the longer term, greater openness to trade reduces vulnerability to both sudden stops and currency crashes.

. Aos meus pais, Fernando Simões Ferreira e Maria de Fátima Figueiredo, agrade-ço todo o apoio, motivação e também pelos sacrifı́cios que fizeram para me permitir chegar ate ́ aqui. Agradeço também a ̀ minha e irma ̃ e sobrinho, Tânia e Rodrigo, pelo apoio constante e que nunca me deixaram de

tRanslation anD cRoss-cultuRal aDaptation of tHe Rowe scoRe foR poRtuguese freddy bereTTa Marcondes1,2, rodrigo anTunes de vasconcelos2, adriano MarcheTTo2, andré luis lugnani de andrade1, aMérico zoPPi filho1, Maurício eTchebehere1

www.cwts.leidenuniv.nl A bibliometric classificatory approach for the study and assessment of research performance at the individual level: the effects of age on productivity and impact Rodrigo Costas, Thed N. van Leeuwen, and María Bordons 1 A bibliometric classificatory approach for the study

das amostras para a realização deste trabalho, em especial, ao Rodrigo Rocha Latado.

This paper is based on the tutorial given as part of the tutorial programme of CLIMA-VI. The tutorial aimed at giving an overview of the various features available in Jason, a multi-agent systems development platform that is based on an interpreter for an extended version of AgentSpeak. The BDI architecture is the best known and most studied architecture for cognitive agents, and AgentSpeak is an elegant, logic-based programming language inspired by the BDI architecture.

Current knowledge of genotypic and phenotypic diversity in the species Escherichia coli is based almost entirely on strains recovered from humans or zoo animals. In this study, we analyzed a collection of 202 strains obtained from 81 mammalian species representing 39 families and 14 orders in Australia and the Americas, as well as several reference strains; we also included a strain from a reptile and 10 from different families of birds collected in Mexico. The strains were characterized genotypically by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and phenotypically by patterns of sugar utilization, antibiotic resistance, and plasmid profile. MLEE analysis yielded an estimated genetic diversity (H) of 0.682 for 11 loci. The observed genetic diversity in this sample is the greatest yet reported for E. coli. However, this genetic diversity is not randomly distributed; geographic effects and host taxonomic group accounted for most of the genetic differentiation. The genetic relationship among the strains showed that they are more associated by origin and host order than is expected by chance. In a dendrogram, the ancestral cluster includes primarily strains from Australia and ECOR strains from groups B and C. The most differentiated E. coli in our analysis are strains from Mexican carnivores and strains from humans, including those in the ECOR group A. The kinds and numbers of sugars utilized by the strains varied by host taxonomic group and country of origin. Strains isolated from bats were found to exploit the greatest range of sugars, while those from primates utilized the fewest. Toxins are more frequent in strains