Abstract- This paper deals with the results of the Euron

Many AI researchers are today striving to build agent teams for complex, dynamic multi-agent domains, with intended applications in arenas such as education, training, entertainment, information integration, and collective robotics. Unfortunately, uncertainties in these complex, dynamic domains

"He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches. “ 1 don't know in what fit of pique George Bernard Shaw wrote that infamous aphorism, words that have plagued members of the teach-ing profession for nearly a century. They are found in "Maxims for Revolutionists, " an appendix to his play Man and Superman. "He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches" is a calamitous insult to our profes-sion, yet one readily repeated even by teachers. More worrisome, its philosophy often appears to under-lie the policies concerning the occu-pation and activities of teaching. Where did such a demeaning im-age of the teacher's capacities ori-ginate? How long have we been bur-dened by assumptions of ignorance and ineptitude within the teaching corps? Is Shaw to be treated as the last word on what teachers know and don't know, or do and can't do? Yesterday's Examinations We begin our inquiry into concep-tions of teacher knowledge with the tests for teachers that were used in this country during the last century This paper was a Presidential Ad-dress at the 1985 annual meeting of

of effortful activities (deliberate practice) designed to optimize improvement. Individual differences, even among elite performers, are closely related to assessed amounts of deliberate practice. Many characteristics once believed to reflect innate talent are actually the result of intense practice extended

This paper presents an overview of the field of recommender systems and describes the current generation of recommendation methods that are usually classified into the following three main categories: content-based, collaborative, and hybrid recommendation approaches. This paper also describes various limitations of current recommendation methods and discusses possible extensions that can improve recommendation capabilities and make recommender systems applicable to an even broader range of applications. These extensions include, among others, an improvement of understanding of users and items, incorporation of the contextual information into the recommendation process, support for multcriteria ratings, and a provision of more flexible and less intrusive types of recommendations.

Spanning seven orders of magnitude: a challenge for

Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research

Nobody wants to use technology to recreate education as it is, yet there is not much to distinguish what goes on in most computer-supported classrooms versus traditional classrooms. Kay (1991) has suggested that the phenomenon of reframing innovations to recreate the familiar is itself commonplace

This essay provides a perspective on the trend towards integrating psychology into economics. Some topics are discussed, and arguments are provided for why movement towards greater psychological realism in economics will improve mainstream economics.

Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis, our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker — we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow