and called for "the development of objective, measurable and verifiable criteria of classification based not on per-sonal or parochial considerations, but- on behavioral and other objectively measurable manifestations." Attempts by other investigators to subject clinical observations and judgments

To date, realistic ISP topologies have not been accessible to the research community, leaving work that depends on topology on an uncertain footing. In this paper, we present new Internet mapping techniques that have enabled us to directly measure router-level ISP topologies. Our techniques reduce

that choose to participate. Surprisingly, however, few of the peer-to-peer architectures currently being developed are evaluated with respect to such considerations. In this paper, we remedy this situation by performing a detailed measurement study of the two popular peer-to-peer file sharing systems, namely

This paper anal yzes the causes of packetl oss in a 38-node urban mul ti-hop 802.11b network. The patterns and causes oflv# are important in the design of routing and errorcorrection proto colv as wel as in networkplqq"(v The paper makes the fol l owing observations. The distribution of inter-nodel oss rates is rel'RfivD' uniform over the wh ol range oflv$ rates; there is no clq$ threshol separating "in range" and "out of range." Mostls ks have relj tivel stabl el oss rates from one second to the next, though a smal l minority have very burstyl osses at that time scal e. Sign al to-noise ratio and distance have lv tl e predictive val e forl oss rate. Thel arge number of lv ks with intermediate l oss rates is probabl y due to mul ti-path fading rather than attenuation or interference. The phenomena discussed here are al l wel l -known. The contributions of this paper are an understanding of their rel ative importance, of how they interact, and of the impl ications for MAC and routing protocol design.

No. This paper investigates the relationship between financing constraints and investment-cash flow sensitivities by analyzing the firms identified by Fazzari, Hubbard, and Petersen as having unusually high investment-cash flow sensitivities. We Quarterlynd that firms that appear less Quarterlynancially constrained exhibit significantly greater sensitivities than firms that appear more financially constrained. We find this pattern for the entire sample period, subperiods, and individual years. These results (and simple theoretical arguments) suggest that higher sensitivities cannot be interpreted as evidence that firms are more financially constrained. These findings call into question the interpretation of most previous research that uses this methodology. “Our financial position is sound... Most of the company’s funds are generated by operations and these funds grew at an average annual rate of 29 % [over the past 3 years]. Throughout the company’s history this self-financing concept has not been a constraint on the company’s growth. With recent growth restrained by depressed economic

To comprehend the results of a randomized, controlled trial (RCT), readers must understand its design, conduct, analysis, and inter-pretation. That goal can be achieved only through complete trans-parency from authors. Despite several decades of educational ef-forts, the reporting of RCTs needs improvement. Investigators and editors developed the original CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) statement to help authors improve reporting by using a checklist and flow diagram. The revised CONSORT statement presented in this paper incorporates new evidence and addresses some criticisms of the original statement. The checklist items pertain to the content of the Title, Ab-stract, Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. The revised checklist includes 22 items selected because empirical evidence indicates that not reporting the information is associated with biased estimates of treatment effect or because the information is

Often, the training procedure for statistical machine translation models is based on maximum likelihood or related criteria. A general problem of this approach is that there is only a loose relation to the final translation quality on unseen text. In this paper, we analyze various training

We examine a new, intuitive measure for evaluating machine-translation output that avoids the knowledge intensiveness of more meaning-based approaches, and the labor-intensiveness of human judgments. Translation Edit Rate (TER) measures the amount of editing that a human would have to perform

To summarize is to reduce in complexity, and hence in length, while retaining some of the essential qualities of the original. This paper focusses on document extracts, a particular kind of computed document summary.

Peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing accounts for an astonishing volume of current Internet tra#c. This paper probes deeply into modern P2P file sharing systems and the forces that drive them. By doing so, we seek to increase our understanding of P2P file sharing workloads and their implications for future multimedia workloads. Our research uses a three-tiered approach. First, we analyze a 200-day trace of over 20 terabytes of Kazaa P2P tra#c collected at the University of Washington. Second, we develop a model of multimedia workloads that lets us isolate, vary, and explore the impact of key system parameters. Our model, which we parameterize with statistics from our trace, lets us confirm various hypotheses about file-sharing behavior observed in the trace. Third, we explore the potential impact of localityawareness in Kazaa.