Schultz, Wolfram. Predictive reward signal of dopamine neurons. is called rewards, which elicit and reinforce approach behav-J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1–27, 1998. The effects of lesions, receptor ior. The functions of rewards were developed further during blocking, electrical self-stimulation, and drugs of abuse suggest the evolution of higher mammals to support more sophistithat midbrain dopamine systems are involved in processing reward cated forms of individual and social behavior. Thus biologiinformation and learning approach behavior. Most dopamine neucal and cognitive needs define the nature of rewards, and rons show phasic activations after primary liquid and food rewards and conditioned, reward-predicting visual and auditory stimuli. the availability of rewards determines some of the basic They show biphasic, activation-depression responses after stimuli parameters of the subject’s life conditions. that resemble reward-predicting stimuli or are novel or particularly Rewards come in various physical forms, are highly variable salient. However, only few phasic activations follow aversive stim-in time and depend on the particular environment of the subject. uli. Thus dopamine neurons label environmental stimuli with appe- Despite their importance, rewards do not influence the brain titive value, predict and detect rewards and signal alerting and motivating events. By failing to discriminate between different

Is Under Adrenergic Control 290 A. In brown preadipocytes, norepinephrine promotes proliferation 292 B. In mature brown adipocytes, norepinephrine promotes differentiation 292 C. Norepinephrine directly regulates the expression of the UCP1 gene 293 D. Norepinephrine is an apoptosis inhibitor in brown

Copyright by

Motivation: Gene regulatory networks, in which edges between nodes describe interactions between transcriptional regulators and their target genes, determine the coordinated spatiotemporal expression of genes. Especially in higher organisms, context-specific combinatorial regulation

cell types. Integration with RNA-seq data showed that REST binding was generally correlated with low gene expression. Close examination revealed that multiple contexts were correlated with reduced expression of REST targets, e.g., the presence of a cognate RE1 motif and cellular specificity of REST

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a non-invasive pre-increased compared to the general population [2, 3]. Standard treatment of DCIS focuses on preventing the f local recur-e has been re-[6]. However, vasive disease concern that Johnson et al. Clinical Epigenetics (2015) 7:75

Abstract not found

Abstract not found

epigenetic motifs in low coverage and metagenomics settings

Phylogenomic and functional analyses of enhancer evolution of sonic hedgehog paralogs