Abstract—Onion routing is an infrastructure for private communication over a public network. It provides anonymous connections that are strongly resistant to both eavesdropping and traffic analysis. Onion routing’s anonymous connections are bidirectional, near real-time, and can be used anywhere a

be exploited by loops transformed through privatization and reduction parallelization, our methods can speculatively apply these transformations and then check their validity at run--time. Another important contribution of this paper is a novel method for reduction recognition which goes beyond syntactic

's liabilities affects the likelihood that it goes bankrupt; companies whose bank and private debt are secured as well as companies with complex public debt structures are more prone to go bankrupt. Finally, there is no evidence that more profitable distressed companies are more successful in dealing

/her valuable comments and suggestions on the proof of Theorem 2.2 which made the article more readable. Special thanks goes to the research assistant for the quick responsibility. Notes on an Open Problem Quô ´ c Anh Ngô and Pham Huy Tung vol. 8, iss. 2, art. 41, 2007 Title Page

H t ouseholds acquire wealth from two sources: they save out of income they have earned, and they receive transfers from other people. The first method of wealth accumulation goes under the name of life-cycle saving, in which people save during their working lives and dissave after retirement

the company goes public. This decision is shown to be very much influenced by the size that private benefits of control are expected to have. Most importantly, when private benefits of control are large – and when control is thus valuable enough – leaving control up for grabs would attract attempts by rivals

and thereby make the education a good one. Private schools have no such problem. They can fail or dismiss students, knowing such students can attend public school. Without compulsory attendance, public schools would be freer to oust students whose academic or personal behavior undermines the educational

Is inequality harmful for growth? We sujgest that it is. To summarize our main argument: in a society where distributional conflict is more important, political decisions are more likely to produce economic policies that allow private individuals to appropriate less of the returns to growth

close to 200 participants from government, the private sector, academia and the international community. It

The year 1978 held many contradictions for gay rights in the United States. The city of San Francisco, for instance, passed one of the country’s first ordi-nances prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in housing, public accommodations, and employment in the private sector. Yet