Since 1973 technological, political, regulatory, and economic forces have been changing the worldwide economy in a fashion comparable to the changes experienced during the nineteenth century Industrial Revolution. As in the nineteenth century, we are experiencing declining costs, increaing average (but decreasing marginal) productivity of labor, reduced growth rates of labor income, excess capacity, and the requirement for downsizing and exit. The last two decades indicate corporate internal control systems have failed to deal effectively with these changes, especially slow growth and the requirement for exit. The next several decades pose a major challenge for Western firms and political systems as these forces continue to work their way through the worldwide economy.

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How do executive teams make rapid decisions in the high-velocity microcomputer industry? This inductive study of eight microcomputer firms led lo propositions exploring that question. Fast decision makers use more, not less, information than do slow decision makers. The former also develop more, not fewer, alternatives, and use a two-tiered advice process. Conflict resolution and integration among strategic decisions and tactical plans are also critical to the pace of decision making. Finally, fast decisions hased on this pattem of hehaviors lead to superior performance. In October 1984, Gavilan Computer filed for bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11. Despite a $31 million stake from venture capitalists, Gavilan experienced delays and indecision that ultimately cost the firm its early technical and market advantages. The firm's leading-edge technology hecame a "me too " one and competitors flooded its empty market niche. As the firm died, one executive mourned: "We missed the window " (Hof, 1984).

representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of ONR or the U.S. Government. Keywords: data-flow analysis, Scheme, LISP, ML, CPS, type recovery, higher-order functions, functional programming, optimising compilers, denotational semantics, nonstandard Programs written in powerful, higher-order languages like Scheme, ML, and Common Lisp should run as fast as their FORTRAN and C counterparts. They should, but they don’t. A major reason is the level of optimisation applied to these two classes of languages. Many FORTRAN and C compilers employ an arsenal of sophisticated global optimisations that depend upon data-flow analysis: common-subexpression elimination, loop-invariant detection, induction-variable elimination, and many, many more. Compilers for higherorder languages do not provide these optimisations. Without them, Scheme, LISP and ML compilers are doomed to produce code that runs slower than their FORTRAN and C counterparts. The problem is the lack of an explicit control-flow graph at compile time, something which traditional data-flow analysis techniques require. In this dissertation, I present a technique for recovering the control-flow graph of a Scheme program at compile time. I give examples of how this information can be used to perform several data-flow analysis optimisations, including copy propagation, induction-variable elimination, useless-variable elimination, and type recovery. The analysis is defined in terms of a non-standard semantic interpretation. The denotational semantics is carefully developed, and several theorems establishing the correctness of the semantics and the implementing algorithms are proven. iii ivTo my parents, Julia and Olin. v viContents

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This paper gives HRTF magnitude data in numerical form for 43 frequencies between 0.2---12 kHz, the average of 12 studies representing 100 different subjects. However, no phase data is included in the tables; group delay simulation would need to be included in order to account for ITD. In 3-D sound applications intended for many users, we want might want to use HRTFs that represent the common features of a number of individuals. But another approach might be to use the features of a person who has desirable HRTFs, based on some criteria. (One can sense a future 3-D sound system where the pinnae of various famous musicians are simulated.) A set of HRTFs from a good localizer (discussed in Chapter 2) could be used if the criterion were localization performance. If the localization ability of the person is relatively accurate or more accurate than average, it might be reasonable to use these HRTF measurements for other individuals. The Convolvotron 3-D audio system (Wenzel, Wightman, and Foster, 1988) has used such sets particularly because elevation accuracy is affected negatively when listening through a bad localizers ears (see Wenzel, et al., 1988). It is best when any single nonindividualized HRTF set is psychoacoustically validated using a 113 statistical sample of the intended user population, as shown in Chapter 2. Otherwise, the use of one HRTF set over another is a purely subjective judgment based on criteria other than localization performance. The technique used by Wightman and Kistler (1989a) exemplifies a laboratory-based HRTF measurement procedure where accuracy and replicability of results were deemed crucial. A comparison of their techniques with those described in Blauert (1983), Shaw (1974), Mehrgardt and Mellert (1977), Middlebrooks, Makous, and Gree...

of devaluations and revaluations, flotations, fixings, and speculative attacks (which may not be successful). We find that realignments of fixed exchange rates are alike: devaluations are preceded by political instability, budget and current account deficits and fast growth of money, and prices. Revaluations

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), and the July 1994 special issue of the Academy of Management Review (vol, 19. no. 3) on "total quality." In recent years, total quality management (TOM) has become something of a social movement in the United States. This commentary returns to the writings of the movement's founders-W. Edwards