conditions. Inappropriate use of these reference genes may lead to false interpretation of expression data and unreliable conclusions. In this study, we evaluated a novel normalization method in zebrafish using expressed repetitive elements (ERE) as reference targets, instead of specific protein coding m

. This paper reviews these various tools for finding interesting subgroups. INTRODUCTION Microarray gene expression studies are now routinely used to measure the transcription levels of an organism's genes at a particular instant of time. These mRNA levels serve as a proxy for either the level

. PCC6803 containing four genes coding for putative FDPs. However, the function of those proteins remains unclear. In the present study, we have analysed the expression profile of these genes under oxidative and nitrosative stress conditions. The results indicate that one of the flavodi-iron genes

for the identification of upstream regulatory motifs of yeast genes involved in protein synthesis. Comparison of these yeast co-regulated genes against the archaeal and bacterial operons indicates that the components of the protein translation process are conserved across organisms at the expression level with minor

connected subgraphs (e.g. cliques) in which corresponding members have the same combination of protein domains in co-expression networks. The common pattern shown by a group of similar cliques is a “network motif ” that may be reused multiple times within organisms. We have developed algorithms

expression of hocA was observed from an integrative hocA–lacZ fusion when cultures were grown in the absence of phosphate, suggesting that it might be part of the Pho regulon, but the phosphate-regulated promoter was not cloned in this study. This is believed to be the first study in which a gene required

The postgenomic era of large-scale gene expression studies is inundating drugabuse researchers and many other scientists with findings related to geneexpression. This information is distributed across many different journals, andrequires laborious literature searches. Here, we present

The enrichment of duplicate genes, and there-fore paralogs (proteins coded by duplicate genes), in multicellular versus unicellular organisms enhances genomic functional innovation. This study quantitatively examined relationships among paralog enrichment, expression pattern diversifica-tion

that are homozygous lethal at the embryonic stage. Using a genetic scheme, it was demonstrated that the lack of dGATAc function can block normal embryonic development. Our results suggest that the dGATAc protein is a tissue-specific transcription factor that is vital to the development of multiple organ systems in D

A locus containing the clpP and clpL genes in the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni was studied. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed different induction factors involved in expression of these genes during stress. According to the conditions, clpP and clpL genes could