of the requirements expected of an efficient selection mechanism. Key words: behaviour, action, movement, switching, model, architecture, motor control Citation: Redgrave, P., Prescott, T.J. and Gurney, K. (1999). The basal ganglia: a vertebrate solution to the selection problem?, Neuroscience, 89, 1009

built. Then the transmembrane potential propagation is simulated, based on FitzHugh-Nagumo reaction-diffusion equations. The myocardium contraction is modeled through a constitutive law including an electromechanical coupling. Simulation of a cardiac cycle, with boundary conditions representing blood

Vulnerable periods during the development of the nervous system are sensitive to environmental insults because they are dependent on the temporal and regional emergence of critical developmental processes (i.e., proliferation, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, myelination, and apoptosis). Evidence from numerous sources demonstrates that neural development extends from the embryonic period through adolescence. In general, the sequence of events is comparable among species, although the time scales are considerably different. Developmental exposure of animals or humans to numerous agents (e.g., X-ray irradiation, methylazoxymethanol, ethanol, lead, methyl mercury, or chlorpyrifos) demonstrates that interference with one or more of these developmental processes can lead to developmental neurotoxicity. Different behavioral domains (e.g., sensory, motor, and various cognitive functions) are subserved by different brain areas. Although there are important differences between the rodent and human brain, analogous structures can be identified. Moreover, the ontogeny of specific behaviors can be used to draw inferences regarding the maturation of specific brain structures or neural circuits in rodents and primates, including humans. Furthermore, various clinical disorders in humans (e.g., schizophrenia, dyslexia, epilepsy, and autism) may also be the result of interference with normal ontogeny of developmental

Cardiac electro-mechanical models are valuable tools to gain insights in physiology and pathophysiology of the heart. Progressive models can be created by fusion of various basic models. In this work biventricular models of cardiac electro-mechanics were developed by fusion of anatomical

nk 2.4 million Americans. One of the main reasons for this high death toll is the severe lack of effective imaging techniques for screening, early detection and localization of an abnormality detected on the electrocardiogram (ECG). The two most widely used imaging techniques in the clinic are CT

The heart consists of myocytes, vasculature cells and connective tissue cells. In this study, two ventricular electromechanical models were coupled with the fibroblast model. At the cellular level, Niederer-Smith (NS) model of rat ventricular myocyte and ten Tusscher model of human ventricular

to 468 days duration were compared with those of 15 normal dogs. The test group exhibited signifi-cant chronic dilatation and hypertrophy and elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, but contractility (tension-velocity relations) was normal in the group as a whole. In animals with the more

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grate myocardial contractile processes into left ventricular (LV) func-tion, a mathematical model was built. Muscle fiber force was set equal to the product of stiffness and elastic distortion of stiffness elements, i.e., force-bearing cross bridges (XB). Stiffness dynamics arose from recruitment

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