Many of the greatest problems of communicating about concepts, and, therefore, practice in distance education arise from our use of crude hypothetical constructs-terms like distance, independence, and interaction, which are used in very imprecise and general ways, each having acquired a multiplicity of meanings. Most seriously, the same terms are commonly used at both generic and more specific levels. For example, the generic concept "independence " is frequently confused with its species, independence of learners from instructors in space and time and independence of learners to control their means of study. These are further confused with the many subspecies of each type of independence. The same could be said of the concept and term "distance " itself, which is commonly used in the most general sense to describe education characterized by separation between learner and instructor, but by too few users in the more technical and specific meanings as discussed, for example, by Saba (1988), Keegan (1988), Shale (1988), or Moore (1984). Interaction is another important term that carries so many meanings as to be almost useless unless specific submeanings can be defined and generally agreed upon. Progress in this direction was made in a panel discussion convened by the Divisions of Independent Study and Educational Telecommunications of the National University Continuing Education Association at its annual meeting in Salt Lake City on 16 April 1989. Chaired by Shirley Davis of Purdue University, the panel was

are provided assistance in making selections. This includes both implicit assistance in the form of editorial oversight and explicit assistance in the form of recommendation services such as movie reviews and restaurant guides. The electronic medium offers new opportunities to create recommendation services

This article is an editorial note submitted to CCR. It has NOT been peer reviewed. The author takes full responsibility for this article’s technical content. Comments can be posted through CCR Online. This paper discusses the concept of Cloud Computing to achieve a complete definition of what a

This article is an editorial note submitted to CCR. It has NOT been peer reviewed. Authors take full responsibility for this article’s technical content. Comments can be posted through CCR Online. Categories and Subject Descriptors:

to the management of their operations. We then outline important problems that have not been addressed and identify promising directions for future research. Acknowledgments The authors thank Lee Schwarz, Wallace Hopp and the editorial board of M&SOM for initiating this project, as well as the referees

WDI. We express our gratitude to the editor, John McMillan and two anonymous referees for valuable comments and suggestions. Kornai is grateful to János Varga, Brian McLean and Julianna Parti for their devoted research and editorial assistance and

The class imbalance problem is one of the (relatively) new problems that emerged when machine learning matured from an embryonic science to an applied technology, amply used in the worlds of business, industry and scientific research.

tron lasers; editorial; IUCrJ. Biological crystallography: new methods, new challenges

calls & calendarEDITORIAL

calls & calendarEDITORIAL