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the expression, localization and function of mammalian neuronal voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels, key regulators of neuronal function. We highlight the role of modern mass spectrometric techniques and phosphospecific antibodies that reveal the extent and nature of phosphorylation at specific sites in Kv

The authors present a unified account of 2 neural systems concerned with the development and expression of adaptive behaviors: a mesencephalic dopamine system for reinforcement learning and a “generic ” error-processing system associated with the anterior cingulate cortex. The existence of the error-processing system has been inferred from the error-related negativity (ERN), a component of the event-related brain potential elicited when human participants commit errors in reaction-time tasks. The authors propose that the ERN is generated when a negative reinforcement learning signal is conveyed to the anterior cingulate cortex via the mesencephalic dopamine system and that this signal is used by the anterior cingulate cortex to modify performance on the task at hand. They provide support for this proposal using both computational modeling and psychophysiological experimentation. Human beings learn from the consequences of their actions. Thorndike (1911/1970) originally described this phenomenon with his law of effect, which made explicit the commonsense notion that actions that are followed by feelings of satisfaction are more likely to be generated again in the future, whereas actions that are followed by negative outcomes are less likely to reoccur. This

this paper we propose that the irregular ISI arises as a consequence of a specific problem that cortical neurons must solve: the problem of dynamic range or gain control. Cortical neurons receive 3000--10,000 synaptic contacts, 85% of which are asymmetric and hence presumably excitatory (Peters

1.1. VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.......................................................................... 1 1.1.1. Diversity of voltage-gated sodium channel α subunits........................................ 3 1.1.2. Function of voltage-gated sodium channels in the brain

expression and post-translational modification. Their role in trafficking and assembly of the calcium channel het-eromultimer will be described, and I will then review their effects on voltage-dependent and kinetic properties, stressing the differences between palmitoylated fl2a and the other fl subunits

The electrogenesis of synaptically activated dendritic Ca 2 �-mediated potentials, which may contribute to synaptic signal integration in pyramidal cells, was examined in rat layers V–VI prefrontal cortical (PFC) neurons in vitro. Intrasomatically recorded suprathreshold synaptic responses evoked

Abstract.............................................................................. 607

in the OPL and originated directly from IPC processes in the IPL, and (r a monostratified IPC with a descending process ramifying over large lateral extents within the most distal stratum of the IPL, and sending an ascending process to the OPL with little branching. Similar voltage-gated currents were

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