in this document are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. Acknowledgements The genesis for this monograph was an idea that Brandon Haynes, Research Analyst with Kentucky Pretrial Services and John P. Bellassai, J

In contrast to the prevailing supply−side explanation that price decreases are the key driver of a sales take−off, we argue that outward shifting supply and demand curves lead to market take−off. Our fundamental idea is that sales in new markets are initially low since the first commercialized forms of new innovations are primitive. Then, as new firms enter, actual and perceived product quality improves (and prices possibly drop) which leads to a take−off in sales. To provide empirical evidence for this explanation, we explore the relationship between take−off times, price decreases, and firm entry for a sample of consumer and industrial product innovations commercialized in the US over the past 150 years. Based on a proportional hazards analysis of take−off times, we find that new firm entry dominates other factors in explaining observed sales take−off times. We also find no evidence that price mediates the relationship between firm entry and take−off time. We interpret these results as supporting the idea that demand shifts during the early evolution of a new market due to

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The underrepresentation of women at the top of math-intensive fields is controversial, with competing claims of biological and sociocultural causation. The authors develop a framework to delineate possible causal pathways and evaluate evidence for each. Biological evidence is contradictory and inconclusive. Although cross-cultural and cross-cohort differences suggest a powerful effect of sociocultural context, evidence for specific factors is inconsistent and contradictory. Factors unique to underrepresentation in math-intensive fields include the following: (a) Math-proficient women disproportionately prefer careers in non–math-intensive fields and are more likely to leave math-intensive careers as they advance; (b) more men than women score in the extreme math-proficient range on gatekeeper tests, such as the SAT Mathematics and the Graduate Record Examinations Quantitative Reasoning sections; (c) women with high math competence are disproportionately more likely to have high verbal competence, allowing greater choice of professions; and (d) in some math-intensive fields, women with children are penalized in promotion rates. The evidence indicates that women’s preferences, potentially representing both free and constrained choices, constitute the most powerful explanatory factor; a secondary factor is perfor-mance on gatekeeper tests, most likely resulting from sociocultural rather than biological causes.

Elucidating virus-host interactions responsible for HIV-1 transmission is important for advancing HIV-1 prevention strategies. To this end, single genome amplification (SGA) and sequencing of HIV-1 within the context of a model of random virus evolution has made possible for the first time an unambiguous identification of transmitted/founder viruses and a precise estimation of their numbers. Here, we applied this approach to HIV-1 env analyses in a cohort of acutely infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and found that a high proportion (10 of 28; 36%) had been productively infected by more than

systems is the performance and reliability issues involving structural materials for both in-core and out-of-core applications. Currently, Ni-based superalloy alloy 617 (Inconel 617) and alloy 230 (Haynes 230) are considered as the leading metallic candidate materials for applications in the VHTR because

The pattern of viral diversification in newly infected individuals provides information about the host environment and immune responses typically experienced by the newly transmitted virus. For example, sites that tend to evolve rapidly across multiple early-infection patients could be involved in enabling escape from common early immune responses, could represent adaptation for rapid growth in a newly infected host, or could represent reversion from less fit forms of the virus that were selected for immune escape in previous hosts. Here we investigated the diversification of HIV-1 env coding sequences in 81 very early B subtype infections previously shown to have resulted from transmission or expansion of single viruses (n = 78) or two closely related viruses (n = 3). In these cases, the sequence of the infecting virus can be estimated accurately, enabling inference of both the direction of substitutions as well as distinction between insertion and deletion events. By integrating information across multiple acutely infected hosts, we find evidence of adaptive evolution of HIV-1 env and identify a subset of codon sites that diversified more rapidly than can be explained by a model of neutral evolution.

We used ultra-deep sequencing to obtain tens of thousands of HIV-1 sequences from regions targeted by CD8+ T lymphocytes from longitudinal samples from three acutely infected subjects, and modeled viral evolution during the critical first weeks of infection. Previous studies suggested that a single virus established productive infection, but these conclusions were tempered because of limited sampling; now, we have greatly increased our confidence in this observation through modeling the observed earliest sample diversity based on vastly more extensive sampling. Conventional sequencing of HIV-1 from acute/early infection has shown different patterns of escape at different epitopes; we investigated the earliest escapes in exquisite detail. Over 3–6 weeks, ultradeep sequencing revealed that the virus explored an extraordinary array of potential escape routes in the process of evading the earliest CD8 T-lymphocyte responses – using 454 sequencing, we identified over 50 variant forms of each targeted epitope during early immune escape, while only 2–7

Although the contents of this handbook represent the most current information at the time of publication, changes may be made with respect to the information contained herein without prior notice. Mission The mission of the University of South Alabama is to offer high-quality programs of teaching, research, public service, and health care that create, communicate, preserve, and apply knowledge in service to the people of Alabama as citizens in a global community. Student Affairs Mission Student Affairs supports the teaching, research, public service and health care mission of the university by providing high-quality programs, facilities and services that will encourage and enhance the personal and academic growth and development of our students in a diverse and global society. Vision Our vision is to become a preeminent comprehensive university that is recognized for its intellectual, cultural, and economic impact on the health and well-being of those we serve as

This study investigated facial features to detect the affective states (or emotions) that accompany deep-level learning of conceptual material. Videos of the participants ’ faces were captured while they interacted with AutoTutor on computer literacy topics. After the tutoring session, the affective states (boredom, confusion, delight, flow, frustration, and surprise) of the student were identified by the learner, a peer, and two trained judges. Participants ’ facial expressions were coded by two independent judges using Ekman’s Facial Action Coding System. Correlational analyses indicated that specific facial features could segregate confusion, delight, and frustration form the baseline state of neutral, but boredom was indistinguishable from neutral. We discuss the prospects of automatically detecting these emotions on the basis of facial features that are highly diagnostic.