Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? On an accounting basis, our analysis shows that differences in physical capital and educational attainment can only partially explain the variation in output per worker — we find a large amount of variation in the level of the Solow residual across countries. At a deeper level, we document that the differences in capital accumulation, productivity, and therefore output per worker are driven by differences in institutions and government policies, which we call social infrastructure. We treat social infrastructure as endogenous, determined historically by location and other factors captured in part by language.

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Many experiments have shown that the human visual system makes extensive use of contextual information for facilitating object search in natural scenes. However, the question of how to formally model contextual influences is still open. On the basis of a Bayesian framework, the authors present an original approach of attentional guidance by global scene context. The model comprises 2 parallel pathways; one pathway computes local features (saliency) and the other computes global (scenecentered) features. The contextual guidance model of attention combines bottom-up saliency, scene context, and top-down mechanisms at an early stage of visual processing and predicts the image regions likely to be fixated by human observers performing natural search tasks in real-world scenes.

This document was prepared by Simone Cecchini, Social Affairs Officer with the Social Development Division of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), and Aldo Madariaga, research assistant, in the framework of the component “Social assistance: poverty reduction and income redistribution through conditional transfer programmes “ of the ECLAC/Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) Cooperation Programme 2010-2011 “Social protection and social inclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean”. The authors were assisted by Claudia Robles, research assistant with the Social Development Division of ECLAC, and Luis Hernán Vargas, consultant. The authors are grateful for valuable comments received from Nathalie Brisson-

lantibiotics; antimicrobial peptides; bacteriocin classification; biopreservation; biocontrol; biotherapy. Members of the genus Bacillus are known to produce a wide arsenal of antimicrobial substances, including peptide and lipopeptide antibiotics, and bacteriocins. Many of the Bacillus bacteriocins belong to the lantibiotics, a category of post-translationally modified peptides widely disseminated among different bacterial clades. Lantibiotics are among the best-characterized antimicrobial peptides at the levels of peptide structure, genetic determinants and biosynthesis mechanisms. Members of the genus Bacillus also produce many other nonmodi-fied bacteriocins, some of which resemble the pediocin-like bacteriocins of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), while others show completely novel peptide sequences. Bacillus bacteriocins are increasingly becoming more important due to their sometimes broader spectra of inhibition (as compared with most LAB bacter-iocins), which may include Gram-negative bacteria, yeasts or fungi, in addition to Gram-positive species, some of which are known to be pathogenic to humans and/ or animals. The present review provides a general overview of Bacillus bacteriocins, including primary structure, biochemical and genetic characterization, classifica-tion and potential applications in food preservation as natural preservatives and in human and animal health as alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Furthermore, it addresses their environmental applications, such as bioprotection against the pre- and post-harvest decay of vegetables, or as plant growth promoters.

Periodicidade:

O s i j e k Urednički savjet Board of consulting editors Wissenschftlicher Beirat Vilmos Ágel (Szeged) Johan van der Auwera (Antwerp)

This paper studies a growth model that is able to match two key facts of economic history. First, for thousands of years, the average standard of leaving seems to have risen very little, despite increases in the level of technology and large increases in the level of the popula-tion. Second, after thousands of years of little change, the level of per capita consumption has increased dramatically in less than two cen-turies. Quantitative analysis of the model highlights the importance of increases in the productivity with which a given population produces new ideas as crucial to the observed transition to modern economic growth.

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