"... In PAGE 14: ... Snails were put through two cycles of 30 day estivation followed by 24 h arousal and activities of five enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPOX, GST and GR) were monitored (Hermes-Lima and Storey, 1995). With the exception of GR, estivation/arousal had major effects on the antioxidant potential of both foot muscle and hepatopancreas ( Table4... In PAGE 15: ... In hepatopancreas, the activity of SOD was also reduced (by 37 %%) in aroused, compared with dormant, snails. GPOX activity was also affected in hepatopancreas, activities being about twice as high in estivating as in aroused snails ( Table4 ). We proposed that the increase in antioxidant enzyme activities in O.... ..."

"... In PAGE 8: ... Rather it appears that the improvement in organ antioxidant defenses occurs as a preparatory mechanism that addresses the increased risk in oxyradi- cal production that would occur when oxygen is reintroduced into the system. Overall, then, the results obtained with garter snakes, leopard and wood frogs, and carp (see Table3 ) suggest that elevation of antiox- idant enzyme activities is used as a preparative mecha- nism against post-hypoxic:anoxic oxidative stress [39,40,43,52]. By contrast, studies with anoxia tolerant turtles Trachemys scripta elegans suggested that the primary strategy of antioxidant defense used to deal with natural cycles of oxygen deprivation and reoxy- genation (as the result of diving or winter hibernation at the bottom on ponds) in this species was the mainte- nance of high constitutive activities of enzymes (SOD and catalase in particular) [86,100].... In PAGE 8: ... Thus, two types of strategies for making adaptive changes in antioxidant defenses appear to be present in species that naturally endure wide changes in oxygen availability. One strat- egy is to maintain constant preparedness for dealing with oxidative stress by maintaining constitutively high antioxidant defenses whereas the other is to increase antioxidant enzyme activities as a direct response to low oxygen in preparation for oxidative stress occurring when oxygen levels again rise (see Table3 ). Another novel possibility for antioxidant defense that has not received further study was proposed some time ago by Reischl [71,72].... In PAGE 8: ... This pattern of preparation for oxidative insult while under a state where oxyradical formation should be diminished is similar to what we have ob- served earlier with other stress-tolerant animals. Our knowledge, to date, is summarized in Table3 where it is particularly evident that increments in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, in particular SOD and cata- Table 3 Preparation for oxidative stress: instances of increases in antioxidant enzyme activities and:or glutathione levels in different species in response to stress... ..."

"... In PAGE 4: ...ig. 2. Genetic costs can constrain the evolution of tolerance to herbivory. Where there is genetically based intraspecific variation in tolerance (Table3 ), a cost can be demonstrated by examining the relationship between mean fitness of related plants that are either damaged (D) or undamaged (U). (a) A negative correlation between fitness of damaged and undamaged plants demonstrates a cost of tolerance.... ..."

"... In PAGE 8: ... Cell protection A general search for the level 2 GO annotation FGO:0016209 revealed 42 potential clones with antioxidant activity from all 5 libraries. However because of the complexity of the GO annotation network, further searches were carried out for level 3 molecular functions and biological processes under specific functions: hydrogen peroxide, melanin, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione transferase and glutathione reductase ( Table4 ). These identified a greater number of clones (387), many of which were duplicated between the libraries (data not shown).... ..."

"... In PAGE 30: ... Although Clarkson et al. [113] proved nontrivial bounds on the complexity of m distinct cells in arrangements of circles (see Table2 below), no tight bound is known. Open Problem 4 What is the maximum complexity of m distinct cells in an arrangement of n circles in the plane? Complexity of many cells in hyperplane arrangements in higher dimensions was rst studied by Edelsbrunner and Haussler [150].... ..."