"... In PAGE 17: ... The importance of target debt ratios is not affected by growth options, by whether the firm is publicly held, or by CEO education. In Table5 , we investigate which factors affect the executive apos;s view of the appropriate amount of debt for his or her firm. The most important item affecting corporate debt decisions is management apos;s desire for quot;financial flexibility, quot; with a mean rating of 2.... In PAGE 17: ...n principle, the popularity of financial flexibility is consistent with the trade-off theory (i.e., flexibility implies using debt conservatively, which in turn implies low expected distress costs). However, the desire for financial flexibility is not related to whether the firm has a target debt ratio (see Table5 ). To the extent that adherence to the trade-off theory manifests itself in setting a target ratio, this last point indicates that the importance of flexibility is at least in part driven by something other than the trade-off theory.... In PAGE 18: ... We find moderate support that the debt issuance decision is influenced by transactions costs (rating of 1.95 in row e of Table5 ), especially among small firms (2.07) in which the CEO has been in office for at least ten years (2.... In PAGE 19: ... We find only modest evidence that managers are concerned about the debt levels of other firms in their industry (rating of 1.49 in Table5 ). (However, the importance of credit ratings indicates that industry debt ratios may be important to the extent that they are used by bond rating agencies.... In PAGE 19: ...96 in Table 6), free cash flow problems (0.33 in Table5 ), credibly indicating their intent not to reduce output as in Brander and Lewis (1986) (rating of 0.40 in Table 5), takeover contests (rating of 0.... In PAGE 19: ...heir type (rating of 0.96 in Table 6), free cash flow problems (0.33 in Table 5), credibly indicating their intent not to reduce output as in Brander and Lewis (1986) (rating of 0.40 in Table5 ), takeover contests (rating of 0.73 in Table 5), a recent accumulation of profits (0.... In PAGE 19: ...able 5), takeover contests (rating of 0.73 in Table 5), a recent accumulation of profits (0.53 in Table 6), or bargaining with employees (rating of 0.16 in Table5 ). In addition to a small number of respondents that support the signaling hypothesis, companies more likely to suffer from informational asymmetries, such as small (rating of 0.... In PAGE 19: ... The absolute number of firms indicating that their debt policy is affected by underinvestment concerns (rating of 1.01 in Table5 ) and the product market influences suggested by Titman (1984) (rating of 1.... In PAGE 45: ...Table5 (continued) What factors affect how you choose the appropriate amount of debt for your firm? %important or very important Mean gt;59 Ynger Long Short Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes a) the tax advantage of interest deductibility 44.85 2.... ..."

"... In PAGE 17: ... The importance of target debt ratios is not affected by growth options, by whether the firm is publicly held, or by CEO education. In Table5 , we investigate which factors affect the executive apos;s view of the appropriate amount of debt for his or her firm. The most important item affecting corporate debt decisions is management apos;s desire for quot;financial flexibility, quot; with a mean rating of 2.... In PAGE 17: ...n principle, the popularity of financial flexibility is consistent with the trade-off theory (i.e., flexibility implies using debt conservatively, which in turn implies low expected distress costs). However, the desire for financial flexibility is not related to whether the firm has a target debt ratio (see Table5 ). To the extent that adherence to the trade-off theory manifests itself in setting a target ratio, this last point indicates that the importance of flexibility is at least in part driven by something other than the trade-off theory.... In PAGE 18: ... We find moderate support that the debt issuance decision is influenced by transactions costs (rating of 1.95 in row e of Table5 ), especially among small firms (2.07) in which the CEO has been in office for at least ten years (2.... In PAGE 19: ... We find only modest evidence that managers are concerned about the debt levels of other firms in their industry (rating of 1.49 in Table5 ). (However, the importance of credit ratings indicates that industry debt ratios may be important to the extent that they are used by bond rating agencies.... In PAGE 19: ...96 in Table 6), free cash flow problems (0.33 in Table5 ), credibly indicating their intent not to reduce output as in Brander and Lewis (1986) (rating of 0.40 in Table 5), takeover contests (rating of 0.... In PAGE 19: ...heir type (rating of 0.96 in Table 6), free cash flow problems (0.33 in Table 5), credibly indicating their intent not to reduce output as in Brander and Lewis (1986) (rating of 0.40 in Table5 ), takeover contests (rating of 0.73 in Table 5), a recent accumulation of profits (0.... In PAGE 19: ...able 5), takeover contests (rating of 0.73 in Table 5), a recent accumulation of profits (0.53 in Table 6), or bargaining with employees (rating of 0.16 in Table5 ). In addition to a small number of respondents that support the signaling hypothesis, companies more likely to suffer from informational asymmetries, such as small (rating of 0.... In PAGE 19: ... The absolute number of firms indicating that their debt policy is affected by underinvestment concerns (rating of 1.01 in Table5 ) and the product market influences suggested by Titman (1984) (rating of 1.... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ... Examples (7) suggests that there is an inner voice (self) to which we must listen. Table4 gives the pairs of metaphors that Lakoff postulates to contain inconsistencies in their mappings. In each inconsistency, we can see that the metaphor is referring to a different aspect of Self: either Inner, Physical or Social.... In PAGE 7: ...We can see Table4 that in each instance one metaphor is referring to the Inner Self, while the other metaphor is referring to either the Social or Physical Self This is the reason there are inconsistencies in the mappings -- the metaphors are referring to different aspects of the Self When we refer to something that has a different aspect, naturally the mappings that follow from it will be inconsistent with mappings that follow from another aspect. For example, if we are talking about cars, and we are talking about the wheel on the car the conversation will not get very far if you are talking about a steering wheel and I am talking about the tires.... ..."

"... In PAGE 14: ... About half of frequent information providers spent 1 min or less answering a question on Usenet, and 80% of other providers spent 5 min or less at this task Table 11. As we can see from Table12 , this small time ex- penditure was possible because providers generally al- ready knew the answer to the posted question. Providers were asked whether they knew the an- swer because of their general knowledge of Apache (32%, n = 38), or because they had experienced the same problem themselves (68%, n = 82).... ..."