"... In PAGE 54: ... 26 These increasing costs are summarized below, for two types of operators. Table6 -1: Average annual operating cost per subscriber GSM GPRS WCDMA for a large, mature operator $350 $364 $379 for new entrant or poorly-run operator $600 $624 $649 For the three general models, our operator is assumed to be an established, well- run company. The operating costs in the $300-$400/sub/year range are used.... In PAGE 57: ...- 50 - Table6 -2: GSM Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 8 Channels per transceiver quot;lost quot; for controls 0.5 Effective voice channels per cell 7.... In PAGE 58: ... About 50,000 subscribers are allocated to an OSS in the model. Table6 -3: GSM Network Elements and Costs Base Station Subsystem BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 $421,000 BSC (Base Station Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Network Subsystem Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobile Switch, at 2500 Erlangs capacity $3,000,000 Operations Support System Authentication center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Operation management center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Billing and customer management system (50,000 subs) $500,000 Total $1,500,000 Software licensing per quot;connected quot; user $30 Software licensing per cell site... In PAGE 59: ...885 billion. Table6 -4: GSM Model, 2000-2004 GSM Model Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5-Year Total Subscribers 130,188,000 159,879,000 186,930,000 209,928,000 229,887,000 247,502,000 Yearly Subscriber growth 29,691,000 27,051,000 22,998,000 19,959,000 17,615,000 Cumulative subscriber growth 0 29,691,000 56,742,000 79,740,000 99,699,000 117,314,000 Capital Costs BTSs (cell sites) required 6,741 6,142 5,222 4,532 3,999 BTS costs $2,837,999,536 $2,585,656,443 $2,198,252,445 $1,907,771,134 $1,683,721,054 BSCs required 1,011 921 783 680 600 BSC costs $364,018,943 $331,651,895 $281,961,121 $244,702,236 $215,964,221 mobile switches required 338 308 262 227 201 mobile switch costs $1,014,096,105 $923,926,905 $785,496,690 $681,699,645 $601,640,325 operations support systems 593 541 459 399 352 systems cost $889,500,000 $811,500,000 $688,500,000 $598,500,000 $528,000,000 maximum simultaneous callers 910,047 829,130 704,903 611,756 539,911 software license costs $27,301,421 $24,873,892 $21,147,084 $18,352,668 $16,197,317 Total Capital Costs $5,132,916,005 $4,677,609,135 $3,975,357,340 $3,451,025,682 $3,045,522,917 Total Capital Costs, depreciated $5,132,916,005 $4,252,371,941 $3,285,419,289 $2,592,806,673 $2,080,133,131 Total Capital Costs, discounted $5,132,916,005 $3,865,792,674 $2,715,222,553 $1,948,014,030 $1,420,758,917 $15,082,704,178 Operating Costs yearly operating costs $10,391,850,000 $19,859,700,000 $27,909,000,000 $34,894,650,000 $41,059,900,000 based on cumulative growth Total Operating Costs $10,391,850,000 $19,859,700,000 $27,909,000,000 $34,894,650,000 $41,059,900,000 Total Operating Costs, discounted $10,391,850,000 $18,054,272,727 $23,065,289,256 $26,216,867,017 $28,044,464,176 $105,772,743,177 Total $15,524,766,005 $21,920,065,401 $25,780,511,809 $28,164,881,047 $29,465,223,093... In PAGE 62: ...- 55 - Table6 -5: GPRS Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 8 Channels per transceiver quot;lost quot; for controls 0.5 Effective voice channels per cell 7.... In PAGE 63: ... These include the BTS (as mentioned), the Mobile Switching Center, and the Operations Support System, which faces heavier billing and customer management loads. Table6 -6: GPRS Network Elements and Costs Base Station Subsystem BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 Packet Data Protocol upgrades DNS server $1,000 Software to packetize data $1,000 Router software $1,000 $424,000 BSC (Base Station Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Network Subsystem Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobile Switch, at 2500 Erlangs capacity $3,000,000 upgrade (signaling lines between SGSN and MSC $10,000 $3,010,000 Operations Support System Authentication center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Operation management center (50,000 subs) $700,000 Billing and customer management system (50,000 subs) $700,000 Total $1,900,000 Software licensing per quot;connected quot; user $30 Software licensing per cell site... In PAGE 65: ...- 58 - Table6 -7: GPRS Model, 2000-2004 GPRS Model Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5-Year Total Subscribers 130,188,000 159,879,000 186,930,000 209,928,000 229,887,000 247,502,000 Yearly Subscriber growth 29,691,000 27,051,000 22,998,000 19,959,000 17,615,000 Cumulative subscriber growth 0 29,691,000 56,742,000 79,740,000 99,699,000 117,314,000 Capital Costs Radio Network Elements BTSs (cell sites) required 6,741 6,142 5,222 4,532 3,999 BTS costs $2,858,222,811 $2,604,081,548 $2,213,916,951 $1,921,365,703 $1,695,719,067 BSCs required 1,011 921 783 680 600 BSC costs $364,018,943 $331,651,895 $281,961,121 $244,702,236 $215,964,221 mobile switches required 338 308 262 227 201 mobile switch costs $1,017,476,425 $927,006,661 $788,115,012 $683,971,977 $603,645,793 operations support systems 593 541 459 399 352 systems cost $1,126,700,000 $1,027,900,000 $872,100,000 $758,100,000 $668,800,000 maximum simultaneous callers 807,667 735,853 625,601 542,933 479,171 software license costs $24,230,011 $22,075,579 $18,768,037 $16,287,993 $14,375,118 Data Network Elements SGSNs 2,247 2,047 1,741 1,511 1,333 SGSN costs $58,422,793 $53,228,082 $45,253,019 $39,273,198 $34,660,924 GPRS Backbones 26 24 20 17 15 Backbone costs $103,709,101 $94,487,719 $80,330,804 $69,715,737 $61,528,268 Border Gateways 52 47 40 35 31 Borrder Gateway costs $311,127 $283,463 $240,992 $209,147 $184,585 Hardware Routers 104 94 80 70 62 Router costs $311,127 $283,463 $240,992 $209,147 $184,585 Charging Gateways 26 24 20 17 15 Charging Gateway costs $129,636 $118,110 $100,414 $87,145 $76,910 GGSNs 26 24 20 17 15 GGSN costs $907,455 $826,768 $702,895 $610,013 $538,372 Total Capital Costs $5,554,439,429 $5,061,943,289 $4,301,730,238 $3,734,532,295 $3,295,677,843 Total Capital Costs, depreciated $5,554,439,429 $4,601,766,627 $3,555,148,957 $2,805,809,388 $2,250,992,312 Total Capital Costs, discounted $5,554,439,429 $4,183,424,206 $2,938,139,634 $2,108,046,121 $1,537,458,037 $16,321,507,427 Operating Costs yearly operating costs $10,807,524,000 $20,654,088,000 $29,025,360,000 $36,290,436,000 $42,702,296,000 based on cumulative growth Total Operating Costs $10,807,524,000 $20,654,088,000 $29,025,360,000 $36,290,436,000 $42,702,296,000 Total Operating Costs, discounted $10,807,524,000 $18,776,443,636 $23,987,900,826 $27,265,541,698 $29,166,242,743 $110,003,652,904 Total $16,361,963,429 $22,959,867,842 $26,926,040,460 $29,373,587,819 $30,703,700,780... In PAGE 69: ...- 62 - Table6 -8: WCDMA Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 12 Transceivers per sector 6 Voice channels per sector 72 Maximum simultaneous calls per cell site 81 Erlangs per sector 58 Sectors per cell site 3 Erlangs per cell site 174 Erlangs per subscriber 0.069 Subscribers per cell site (if all on at same time) 2522 % of users expected to be on at any time 33% Adjusted subscribers per cell site 7642 Cell sites (BTS) per BSC Transceivers per cell site 18 Transceivers per BSC 120 Cell sites per BSC 6.... In PAGE 70: ...- 63 - Cost calculations for individual pieces of equipment in the WCDMA Radio Access Network and Core Network are provided below. Table6 -9: WCDMA Network Elements and Costs Radio Access Network (RAN) Elements BS (Base Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 $421,000 RNC (Radio Network Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Core Network Elements PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node Software to communicate with Home Agent/Foreign Agent $2,000 Software to route packets to and from mobile unit and PDGN $1,000 Computer to run the software $5,000 ISDN line to RNC (Radio Network Controller) $3,000 T1 line to Core Network $15,000 Total $26,000 Core Network Backbone $4,000,000 Hardware Router $3,000 Charging Gateway $5,000 Border Gateway Routers $1,000 switches $3,000 firewalls $2,000 $6,000 PDGN (Packet Data Gateway Node) Router software for sending packets from the PDGN to the IP network $1,000 DNS servers $1,000 Computer to run the software $5,000 T1 line to Core Network Backbone $15,000 T1 line to IP network $15,000 Total... In PAGE 73: ...5.1 Capital Cost Comparison A comparison of the capital costs for each of the three models yields the following results: Table6 -11: Capital Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $15.1 billion GPRS: $16.... In PAGE 74: ...- 67 - Table6 -12: Capital Cost Comparison, Three Models Capital Costs 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GSM Capital Costs $5,132,916,005 $3,865,792,674 $2,715,222,553 $1,948,014,030 $1,420,758,917 GPRS Capital Costs $5,554,439,429 $4,183,424,206 $2,938,139,634 $2,108,046,121 $1,537,458,037 WCDMA Capital Costs $3,153,802,057 $2,375,379,901 $1,668,031,496 $1,197,267,527 $872,888,900 Figure 6-1: Capital Cost Comparison, Three Models Yearly Capital Costs $0 $1,000,000,000 $2,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $4,000,000,000 $5,000,000,000 $6,000,000,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Dollars GSM Capital Costs GPRS Capital Costs WCDMA Capital Costs 6.5.... In PAGE 74: ...5.2 Operating Cost Comparison A comparison of the operating costs for each of the three models yields the following results: Table6 -13: Operating Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $105.8 billion GPRS: $110.... In PAGE 75: ...- 68 - move in the regular way that they do because of the manner in which they were constructed. Table6 -14: Operating Cost Comparison, Three Models Operating Costs 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GSM Op. Costs $10,391,850,000 $18,054,272,727 $23,065,289,256 $26,216,867,017 $28,044,464,176 GPRS Op.... In PAGE 76: ...5.3 Overall Cost Comparison Table6 -15: Overall Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $120.9 billion GPRS: $126.... ..."

"... In PAGE 54: ... 26 These increasing costs are summarized below, for two types of operators. Table6 -1: Average annual operating cost per subscriber GSM GPRS WCDMA for a large, mature operator $350 $364 $379 for new entrant or poorly-run operator $600 $624 $649 For the three general models, our operator is assumed to be an established, well- run company. The operating costs in the $300-$400/sub/year range are used.... In PAGE 57: ...- 50 - Table6 -2: GSM Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 8 Channels per transceiver quot;lost quot; for controls 0.5 Effective voice channels per cell 7.... In PAGE 58: ... About 50,000 subscribers are allocated to an OSS in the model. Table6 -3: GSM Network Elements and Costs Base Station Subsystem BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 $421,000 BSC (Base Station Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Network Subsystem Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobile Switch, at 2500 Erlangs capacity $3,000,000 Operations Support System Authentication center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Operation management center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Billing and customer management system (50,000 subs) $500,000 Total $1,500,000 Software licensing per quot;connected quot; user $30 Software licensing per cell site... In PAGE 59: ...885 billion. Table6 -4: GSM Model, 2000-2004 GSM Model Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5-Year Total Subscribers 130,188,000 159,879,000 186,930,000 209,928,000 229,887,000 247,502,000 Yearly Subscriber growth 29,691,000 27,051,000 22,998,000 19,959,000 17,615,000 Cumulative subscriber growth 0 29,691,000 56,742,000 79,740,000 99,699,000 117,314,000 Capital Costs BTSs (cell sites) required 6,741 6,142 5,222 4,532 3,999 BTS costs $2,837,999,536 $2,585,656,443 $2,198,252,445 $1,907,771,134 $1,683,721,054 BSCs required 1,011 921 783 680 600 BSC costs $364,018,943 $331,651,895 $281,961,121 $244,702,236 $215,964,221 mobile switches required 338 308 262 227 201 mobile switch costs $1,014,096,105 $923,926,905 $785,496,690 $681,699,645 $601,640,325 operations support systems 593 541 459 399 352 systems cost $889,500,000 $811,500,000 $688,500,000 $598,500,000 $528,000,000 maximum simultaneous callers 910,047 829,130 704,903 611,756 539,911 software license costs $27,301,421 $24,873,892 $21,147,084 $18,352,668 $16,197,317 Total Capital Costs $5,132,916,005 $4,677,609,135 $3,975,357,340 $3,451,025,682 $3,045,522,917 Total Capital Costs, depreciated $5,132,916,005 $4,252,371,941 $3,285,419,289 $2,592,806,673 $2,080,133,131 Total Capital Costs, discounted $5,132,916,005 $3,865,792,674 $2,715,222,553 $1,948,014,030 $1,420,758,917 $15,082,704,178 Operating Costs yearly operating costs $10,391,850,000 $19,859,700,000 $27,909,000,000 $34,894,650,000 $41,059,900,000 based on cumulative growth Total Operating Costs $10,391,850,000 $19,859,700,000 $27,909,000,000 $34,894,650,000 $41,059,900,000 Total Operating Costs, discounted $10,391,850,000 $18,054,272,727 $23,065,289,256 $26,216,867,017 $28,044,464,176 $105,772,743,177 Total $15,524,766,005 $21,920,065,401 $25,780,511,809 $28,164,881,047 $29,465,223,093... In PAGE 62: ...- 55 - Table6 -5: GPRS Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 8 Channels per transceiver quot;lost quot; for controls 0.5 Effective voice channels per cell 7.... In PAGE 63: ... These include the BTS (as mentioned), the Mobile Switching Center, and the Operations Support System, which faces heavier billing and customer management loads. Table6 -6: GPRS Network Elements and Costs Base Station Subsystem BTS (Base Transceiver Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 Packet Data Protocol upgrades DNS server $1,000 Software to packetize data $1,000 Router software $1,000 $424,000 BSC (Base Station Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Network Subsystem Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Mobile Switch, at 2500 Erlangs capacity $3,000,000 upgrade (signaling lines between SGSN and MSC $10,000 $3,010,000 Operations Support System Authentication center (50,000 subs) $500,000 Operation management center (50,000 subs) $700,000 Billing and customer management system (50,000 subs) $700,000 Total $1,900,000 Software licensing per quot;connected quot; user $30 Software licensing per cell site... In PAGE 69: ...- 62 - Table6 -8: WCDMA Network Provisioning Calculations Subscribers per cell site Channels per transceiver 12 Transceivers per sector 6 Voice channels per sector 72 Maximum simultaneous calls per cell site 81 Erlangs per sector 58 Sectors per cell site 3 Erlangs per cell site 174 Erlangs per subscriber 0.069 Subscribers per cell site (if all on at same time) 2522 % of users expected to be on at any time 33% Adjusted subscribers per cell site 7642 Cell sites (BTS) per BSC Transceivers per cell site 18 Transceivers per BSC 120 Cell sites per BSC 6.... In PAGE 70: ...- 63 - Cost calculations for individual pieces of equipment in the WCDMA Radio Access Network and Core Network are provided below. Table6 -9: WCDMA Network Elements and Costs Radio Access Network (RAN) Elements BS (Base Station) (=cell site) 3 sector Cell site, (6 transceivers/sector), power system, 6 antennas/cables $318,000 Container for cell site with AC wiring, security, etc. $10,000 Antenna installation $8,000 4xE1 microwave for cell interconnection+installation $30,000 70 m Lattice Tower Materials and Installation $35,000 Site Preparation $20,000 $421,000 RNC (Radio Network Controller) Controller and transcoders (120 TRX capacity, at US$3000/TRX) $360,000 Core Network Elements PDSN (Packet Data Serving Node Software to communicate with Home Agent/Foreign Agent $2,000 Software to route packets to and from mobile unit and PDGN $1,000 Computer to run the software $5,000 ISDN line to RNC (Radio Network Controller) $3,000 T1 line to Core Network $15,000 Total $26,000 Core Network Backbone $4,000,000 Hardware Router $3,000 Charging Gateway $5,000 Border Gateway Routers $1,000 switches $3,000 firewalls $2,000 $6,000 PDGN (Packet Data Gateway Node) Router software for sending packets from the PDGN to the IP network $1,000 DNS servers $1,000 Computer to run the software $5,000 T1 line to Core Network Backbone $15,000 T1 line to IP network $15,000 Total... In PAGE 72: ...- 65 - Table6 -10: WCDMA Model, 2000-2004 WCDMA Model Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 5-Year Total Subscribers 130,188,000 159,879,000 186,930,000 209,928,000 229,887,000 247,502,000 Yearly Subscriber growth 29,691,000 27,051,000 22,998,000 19,959,000 17,615,000 Cumulative subscriber growth 0 29,691,000 56,742,000 79,740,000 99,699,000 117,314,000 Capital Costs Radio Network Elements BSs (cell sites) required 3,885 3,540 3,010 2,612 2,305 BS costs $1,635,764,215 $1,490,318,877 $1,267,027,228 $1,099,599,811 $970,461,980 RNCs required 583 531 451 392 346 RNC costs $209,812,987 $191,157,291 $162,516,557 $141,041,306 $124,477,309 Core Network Elements PDSNs 1,295 1,180 1,003 871 768 PDSN costs $33,673,689 $30,679,565 $26,082,904 $22,636,259 $19,977,840 Core Network Backbones 15 14 12 10 9 Backbone costs $59,775,780 $54,460,767 $46,301,013 $40,182,708 $35,463,621 Border Gateways 30 27 23 20 18 Borrder Gateway costs $179,327 $163,382 $138,903 $120,548 $106,391 Hardware Routers 60 54 46 40 35 Router costs $179,327 $163,382 $138,903 $120,548 $106,391 Charging Gateways 15 14 12 10 9 Charging Gateway costs $74,720 $68,076 $57,876 $50,228 $44,330 PDGNs 15 14 12 10 9 PDGN costs $552,926 $503,762 $428,284 $371,690 $328,038 Call Processing Servers (CPSs) 4 3 3 3 2 CPS costs $3,420,000 $2,565,000 $2,565,000 $2,565,000 $1,710,000 Application servers 2,969 2,705 2,300 1,996 1,762 application server costs $74,227,500 $67,627,500 $57,495,000 $49,897,500 $44,037,500 operations support systems 593 541 459 399 352 systems cost $1,126,700,000 $1,027,900,000 $872,100,000 $758,100,000 $668,800,000 maximum simultaneous callers 314,719 286,736 243,775 211,562 186,716 software license costs $9,441,584 $8,602,078 $7,313,245 $6,346,859 $5,601,479 Total Capital Costs $3,153,802,057 $2,874,209,681 $2,442,164,914 $2,121,032,457 $1,871,114,878 Total Capital Costs, depreciated $3,153,802,057 $2,612,917,891 $2,018,318,110 $1,593,563,078 $1,277,996,638 Total Capital Costs, discounted $3,153,802,057 $2,375,379,901 $1,668,031,496 $1,197,267,527 $872,888,900 $9,267,369,881 Operating Costs yearly operating costs $11,239,824,960 $21,480,251,520 $30,186,374,400 $37,742,053,440 $44,410,387,840 based on cumulative growth Total Operating Costs $11,239,824,960 $21,480,251,520 $30,186,374,400 $37,742,053,440 $44,410,387,840 Total Operating Costs, discounted $11,239,824,960 $19,527,501,382 $24,947,416,860 $28,356,163,366 $30,332,892,453 $114,403,799,020 Total $14,393,627,017 $21,902,881,283 $26,615,448,356 $29,553,430,893 $31,205,781,352... In PAGE 73: ...5.1 Capital Cost Comparison A comparison of the capital costs for each of the three models yields the following results: Table6 -11: Capital Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $15.1 billion GPRS: $16.... In PAGE 74: ...- 67 - Table6 -12: Capital Cost Comparison, Three Models Capital Costs 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GSM Capital Costs $5,132,916,005 $3,865,792,674 $2,715,222,553 $1,948,014,030 $1,420,758,917 GPRS Capital Costs $5,554,439,429 $4,183,424,206 $2,938,139,634 $2,108,046,121 $1,537,458,037 WCDMA Capital Costs $3,153,802,057 $2,375,379,901 $1,668,031,496 $1,197,267,527 $872,888,900 Figure 6-1: Capital Cost Comparison, Three Models Yearly Capital Costs $0 $1,000,000,000 $2,000,000,000 $3,000,000,000 $4,000,000,000 $5,000,000,000 $6,000,000,000 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year Dollars GSM Capital Costs GPRS Capital Costs WCDMA Capital Costs 6.5.... In PAGE 74: ...5.2 Operating Cost Comparison A comparison of the operating costs for each of the three models yields the following results: Table6 -13: Operating Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $105.8 billion GPRS: $110.... In PAGE 75: ...- 68 - move in the regular way that they do because of the manner in which they were constructed. Table6 -14: Operating Cost Comparison, Three Models Operating Costs 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 GSM Op. Costs $10,391,850,000 $18,054,272,727 $23,065,289,256 $26,216,867,017 $28,044,464,176 GPRS Op.... In PAGE 76: ...5.3 Overall Cost Comparison Table6 -15: Overall Costs for 2000-2004 GSM: $120.9 billion GPRS: $126.... ..."

"... In PAGE 4: ... In general, components in DTD are speci ed by the following BNF syntax: lt;!ELEMENT gt; lt;element-name gt; lt;element-type gt; lt;!ATTLIST gt; lt;attr-name gt; lt;attr-type gt; lt;attr-option gt; For a detailed description of a DTD model, refer to Lee and Chu (2000a). Table1 shows a DTD for Conference which states that a conf element can have four sub-elements: title, date, editor and paper in that order. As common in regular expressions, 0 or 1 occurrence (i.... In PAGE 5: ... On the other hand, the contact element has a mandatory aid attribute that must point to the id attribute of the contacting author of the current paper. One interesting de nition in Table1 is the cite element; it can have zero or more paper ele- ments as sub-elements, thus creating a cyclic de nition. Table 2 shows a valid XML document conforming to the DTD for Conference.... In PAGE 13: ...A relational scheme (S) along with the associated data that are converted from the DTD of Table1 and XML document of Table 2 by the hybrid algorithm. Note that the hybrid algorithm does not generate semantic constraints ( ).... In PAGE 15: ...onf, conf.editor conf, conf.paper confg. Another form of IDs can be found in the attribute de nition part of the DTD with the use of the IDREF(S) keyword. For instance, consider the contact and editor elements in the DTD in Table1 shown below: lt;!ELEMENT person (name,(email|phone)? gt; lt;!ATTLIST person id ID #REQUIRED gt; lt;!ELEMENT contact EMPTY gt; lt;!ATTLIST contact aid IDREF #REQUIRED gt; lt;!ELEMENT editor (person*) gt; lt;!ATTLIST editor eids IDREFS #IMPLIED gt; The DTD restricts the aid attribute of the contact element such that it can only point to the id attribute of the person element 4 . Further, the eids attribute can only point to multiple id attributes of the person element.... In PAGE 16: ...Table1 . This kind of EGDs can be enforced by SQL UNIQUE construct.... In PAGE 16: ... This is the case of the (1,1) and (1,N) mappings in the cardinality constraints. For in- stance, from the DTD in Table1 , because the conf element must contain the title and date sub-elements, the child constraint conf ftitle, dateg holds. (2) Parent constraint: quot;Child Parent quot; states that every element of type Child must have a parent element of type P arent.... ..."

"... In PAGE 5: ... 3; 2005b, p. 3) Table1 illustrates the benchmark of affordable rent ranges in March 2004 and January 2005. There is a slight change, around $2 to $5 per week, in the rent range in alignment with the increment of gross household income range.... ..."

"... In PAGE 5: ... In order to find a better solution, we conducted some analysis of the 2004 Hard Corpus. The statistical information is shown in Table1 and 2:... ..."