"... In PAGE 16: ...16 Exploring the Software Verification and Validation Process with Focus on Efficient Fault Detection development process, and can also through the verification and validation activities be removed from these. Table1 shows examples of activities in the development process in which faults are injected and removed. To be most effective, the verification and validation activities must be fully integrated in the development process.... In PAGE 16: ... An important aspect in the model is the relations between the artefacts and the corresponding quality control activities, represented by the dotted lines in Figure 2. The model expresses that the requirements have to be consistent with the results of the corresponding tests, the high and low- Table1 . Activities associated with fault injection and fault removal.... In PAGE 48: ... This cycle was conducted in a similar manner, except that the only participants at the meeting were the interviewees and the researchers. Finally, within the second cycle, one of the first five organizations was interviewed again (Read, see Table1 ), since they were at a point of major process change at the time of the first interview. The second interview was conducted six months later, when some of the changes had been implemented.... In PAGE 73: ... Among the factors discovered during interviews, only those considered relevant to software development processes were selected. The identified factors are listed in Table1 . Discussions with concerned personnel pointed out the most important factors in respect to both quality and lead-time.... In PAGE 74: ... Level of personnel experience is a measure of knowledge of the current domain. Table1 . Factors that affect quality and lead-time.... In PAGE 89: ...Exploring the Software Verification and Validation Process with Focus on Efficient Fault Detection 89 System requirements specification Sub-system level 1 requirements specification (see Figure 1 for the different sub-system levels) Sub-system level 2 requirements specification Code development and unit test Sub-system level 2 verification Sub-system level 1 verification System integration System verification System acceptance tests with the customer are performed after the last increment. Table1 presents the development phases included in the case study and the personnel performing it. The sub-system level 1 requirements specification phase is performed by design engineers and the sub-system level 2 requirements specification phase is performed by programmers.... In PAGE 90: ... All necessary documents are defined in the formal incremental software development process. Table1 . Development phases in the study and the personnel performing it.... In PAGE 121: ... When trying to generalize the results to another domain, the external validity becomes more important [25]. Table1 . Two-factor blocked design.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ... The sharing of knowledge organization can be accomplished with the speci cation of connectivity between logical information spaces. Sharing organization between two logical spaces is visualize in Table7 in terms of elaborated conceptual knowledge systems. The rst logical space makes use of the organization of the second logical space by specifying the link connectivity sharing1;2.... ..."

"... In PAGE 16: ... We obtained data from 6 of the 8 organizations contacted; the sample totals 140 observations, however due to missing data not all could be used in the analysis. Table2 shows descriptive statistics on each of the variables in the survey. In order to estimate the Logit model we first separated the categorical data into dummy variables.... ..."

"... In PAGE 14: ... In 1880, about 15 million labors worked on the 4.7 million hectares of cultivated land ( Table4 -1). The man-land ratio was as high as 3.... In PAGE 14: ... Half of the cultivated land was wet paddy fields, while the rest was cultivated under upland conditions. Accordingly, the average operational land area per farm household had been very small of around 1 hectare (See Table4 -1). In spite of severe land constraints, agricultural output grew at the annual compound rate of about 1.... In PAGE 15: ...13 percent in 1940, rice continued to be dominant in Japanese agriculture throughout the prewar period ( Table4 -2). Until shortly after the Restoration, the self-sufficiency of rice had been maintained.... In PAGE 17: ...15 throughout the nineteenth century. For instance, the land tax occupied 85 percent of total tax revenue in 1875, though which was gradually decreased, still occupied 35 percent in 1900 ( Table4 -3). 4.... In PAGE 17: ... Accordingly, quot;landlordism quot; simply implies a society where land tenancy was norm. Just after the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the share of tenanted land was 30 percent of total arable land, which had gradually increased to around 45 percent at the beginning of the twentieth century and further increased to nearly 50 percent in the 1930s ( Table4 -4). Due to the heavy burden of the land tax fixed in cash, coupled with small size of land holdings, small owner farmers often unable to pay the tax in years of poor harvests or low farm prices.... In PAGE 17: ... Though the data on the land owners during the prewar period is limited, according to a survey conducted by MAF in 1935, half of the 5 million land owners had only less than 0.5 hectares of farm land ( Table4 -5). In order to facilitate the discussion, we will classify the owners of farmland into several categories (Figure 4-1).... In PAGE 18: ... Among 2.4 million farm households in the main islands,12 nearly 1,3 million farms, or one fifth of total farm households, were recorded as farming landlords ( Table4 -6).... In PAGE 18: ...arming landlords (Table 4-6). Around 1.1 million out of 4.1 million hectares, or 28%, of farm land owned by farmers was rent out by farming landlords (See Table4 -4). Average rent out land area per household was as small as only 0.... In PAGE 18: ... Furthermore, 63 percent of them rent out less than 0.5 hectare of farmland ( Table4 -6). We should also note that 17% of farmers whose operation is very small of less than 0.... In PAGE 19: ... However, if we subtract the number of land owning farmers from the total number of landowners, we can estimate very rough figure of non- farming landlords. Number of non-farming landlords in 1938 by size of land holdings is estimated in Table4 -7. Among 5 million landowners, around 1 million households were considered as non-farming landlords.... In PAGE 20: ... Although there is little data, which describe the size distribution of smaller absentee landlords, according to the survey of June 1941, there were 20,940 absentee landlords who owned more than 5 hectares of farmland. And their owned land area was about 181,000 hectares ( Table4 -8). They were only 2 % of non-farming landlords.... In PAGE 21: ...19 Agriculture surveyed large landlords and presented reports, to Tenancy System Research Committee.15 According to the survey in 1938, large landlords with more than 50 hectares were only 2,500 households, excluding Hokkaido ( Table4 -9).16 Among them nearly 70 percent owned less than 100 hectares and only 15 owners were recorded who held more than 1,000 hectares of farmland.... In PAGE 21: ...16 Among them nearly 70 percent owned less than 100 hectares and only 15 owners were recorded who held more than 1,000 hectares of farmland. The landlords include both village and absentees, of which 35 percent answered as their occupation was farming ( Table4 -10). During the early Meiji period, large farming landlords, including wealthy farmers called gono, played an important role in agricultural development.... In PAGE 22: ...20 owner cum tenant farmers, who cultivated both owned and tenanted land ( Table4 -11).17 Most of the tenant farmers were very small.... In PAGE 22: ... This fact suggests that rental market of farmland functioned well and owner farmers could expand their operation through the market. Data on Table4 -12 indicate that not only small farmers, but also middle or relatively large farmers extensively leased in the land for their operation. We should also note the fact that land holdings of Japanese peasantry were divided into many parcels of small plots of 0.... In PAGE 23: ...21 farmers might be little differentiated from tenant farmers in terms of their farm operation, since half of them owned less than 0.5 hectare (see Table4 -7). 5 Decline of the landlordism 5.... In PAGE 46: ...45 Table4 -1 Number of farm workers, farm households and cultivated land area in Japan, 1880-1960. Year Farm workers (1000) (1) Farm households (1000) (2) Cultivated land area (1000 ha) (3) Man-Land ratio (1)/(3) Land per farm (3)/(2) 1880 14,657 5,499 4,735 3.... In PAGE 46: ...ouseholds: LTES (Vol.9, table 33, pp.218-9). Cultivated land area: Hayami et al. (1991, table A-6). Note: Five year averages centering on the years shown. Table4 -2 Agricultural production in Japan, 1880 - 1960. million yena)(%) Yearb) 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 Agriculture total 792 1102 1695 1964 2781 Rice 447 536 817 786 1108 (56) (49) (48) (40) (40) Wheat 88 126 147 188 201 (11) (11) (9) (10) (7) Sericulture products 50 117 257 339 116 (6) (11) (15) (17) (4) Livestock 11 34 70 191 566 (1) (3) (4) (10) (20) Source: LTES 9, pp.... In PAGE 47: ...46 Table4 -3 Government revenue by tax sources, 1875 - 1900. Unit: 1000 yen Year Land Tax Income Tax Sales Tax Tariff Others Total 1875 50,345 - - 1,719 - 59,194 1880 42,080 - - 2,624 10,558 55,262 1885 42,452 - - 2,085 8,044 52,581 1890 40,084 1,092 757 4,393 19,926 66,252 1895 38,692 1,497 551 6,786 27,172 74,698 1900 46,718 6,368 6,051 17,010 57,799 133,926 Source: Tobata and Ohkawa (1956, pp.... In PAGE 47: ...420-1). Table4 -4 Distribution of farmland area owned by farmer and landlord, 1872 - 1947. Unit: thousand hectare, (%) Farmland area owned by Total Share of Year Owner farmer Non- farm- tenanted Own cultivation Leased out + farming landlord land area land (%) 1872 4,556a ( 29) 1883 4,713 ( 36) 1903 2,899 2,324 5,223 ( 44) 1910 3,049 2,557 5,606 ( 46) 1920 3,243 2,791 6,034 ( 46) 1930 3,016 2,792 5,808 ( 48) 1940 3,232 2,737 5,969 ( 46) 1947 3,006 1,143 821 4,970 ( 40) Sources: Data for 1872 and 1883: Total farmland: Umemura et al.... In PAGE 48: ...47 Table4 -5 Number of land owners by the size land holdings in Japan, 1935 Size of land holdings (hectare) less 0.5 0.... In PAGE 48: ...598) Original source: by MAF (detail unknown). Table4 -6 Number of farming-landlords and their rent out land by size of farm operation in Japana, 1947. Size of the operational area of farming (hectare) less 0.... In PAGE 49: ...48 Table4 -7 Size distribution of land owners, 1938. Unit: Number of thousand households (%)a Size of land holdings (ha) Below .... In PAGE 49: ... b Include farmers who owned more than 10 hectares. Table4 -8 Number of absentee and village landlords, who have more than 5 hectares, 1924. Number (%) Owned land area (%) Type of landlord Absentee Village Total Absentee Village Total All Japan 20,940 62,207 83,147 180 630 810 (25) (75) (100) (22) (78) (100) Northern Japan 5,207 11,982 17,189 82 148 230 (30) (70) (100) (36) (64) (100) Western Japan 2,194 2,469 4,663 20 25 46 (47) (53) (100) (44) (56) (100) Source: Nihon Nogyo Hatatsushi Chosakai (1955, Vol.... In PAGE 50: ...49 Table4 -9 Size distributions of large landlords by number and owned land area, 1924a). Land area per owner (hectare) 50 - 100 100 - 200 200- 300 300 - 500 500 - 700 700 - 1000 1000 - Total Number 1,701 562 129 68 29 9 15 2,513 (%) (68) (22) (5) (3) (1) (0.... In PAGE 50: ...ource: Nihon Nogyo Hatatsushi Chosakai (1955, Vol.7, pp.687-89). Note: a) Excluding Hokkaido and Okinawa. Table4 -10 Occupation of Number of large landlords by occupation, 1925. Occupation Number % Farming 1122 35 None 952 30 Commerce 358 11 Official/office worker/director 206 6 Money lender 147 5 Winery 147 5 Mining/forestry/fishery 56 2 Other 46 1 Owned by corporation 145 5 Total 3179 100 Source: Nihon Nogyo Hatatsushi Chosakai (1955, Vol.... In PAGE 51: ... Table4 -12 Distribution of farms and their operational areas by land tenure status, 1938. Operational land area (ha) Number of farm Operated land Total Owned Tenanted Ratio of tenanted land (thousand) (1000 ha) (%) Less 0.... ..."

"... In PAGE 6: ... iv TABLES Table1 : On-site effects of agricultural practices on agricultural soil in Ghana 4 Table 2: Impacts of past and present erosion-induced yield loss for Africa 10 Table 3: Value of MYL coefficient and C-factors used in the model 11 Table 4: Soil loss effect on the yields of selected crops 15 Table 5: Soil loss effect on the production of selected crops 16 Table 6: Poverty rate at the regional level in different simulations 21 Table 7: Benefits of specific interventions (case studies) to ameliorate soil degradation in Ghana 24 FIGURES Figure 1: Level of agricultural GDP under different scenarios 18 Figure 2: Rural poverty rates in different simulations 20 ... In PAGE 11: ... The human-associated factors driving long-term soil and vegetation degradation in Ghana are reflected in unsustainable farming practices, removal of vegetation cover (including deforestation and overgrazing), mining activities, and urbanization and industrial activities caused by increased population growth pressures. Various agricultural farming systems in Ghana and their effects on agricultural soil are summarized in Table1 . The agricultural farming systems used in Ghana can be categorized as rotational bush fallow, permanent tree crop, compound farming, mixed farming, and special horticultural farming systems.... ..."