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Table D.12. Model driver atmospheric carbon dioxide information derived from global sources Variable Units Description Source Class CO2_95 - Global Atmospheric CO2 Information A B C
Table 1: Volume averaged increase in temperature (C) by ocean, for various climate models, after 80 years of 1% per year increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration. See AchutaRao et al. (2005) for details.
"... In PAGE 20: ... 2000) has accumulated a database of coupled climate runs with 1% yearly increasing CO2 forcing that can be used to examine this question. The ocean warming experienced after 80 years for a selection of models is shown in Table1 . The difference between the minimum and maximum warming found by basin (expressed here as a ratio) can be large; for example, the model with most warming showed the North Indian ocean increasing in temperature almost 8 times more than the model with least.... In PAGE 20: ... A crude estimate of the effect this model uncertainty has on the detection and attribution results can be made as follows. If R(b) is the maximum/minimum ratio from Table1 for basin b, and F (t; b) is the ensemble common model warming fingerprint (a function of decade t and basin), then we construct estimated signals for the minimum and maximum models as follows: Smin(t; b) = F (t; b)(1 R 1 R + 1) (3) Smax(t; b) = F (t; b)(1 + R 1 R + 1): (4) F is at the midpoint of Smin and Smax, so the constructed signals are centered on the ensemble common model fingerprint, and at every point Smax=Smin R. The constructed signals for the 50 m level are shown in Fig.... In PAGE 22: ... The implication is that there is sufficient data in WOA2001 to accurately model the seasonal cycle. In fact, they show that 99% of seasonal changes in ocean heat content, in both hemispheres, arise from the annual harmonic alone (their Table1 ). Evidently, fine temporal sampling is not required to form an accurate annual cycle on basin scales.... In PAGE 40: ... Table1 . Volume averaged increase in temperature (C) by ocean, for various climate models, after 80 years of 1% per year increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.... ..."
Table 2. Net Oceanic N Deposition (Tg N/year), Primary Production (Gt C/year), N Fixation (Tg N/year), Sinking POC (Gt C/year) for Year 64, Atmospheric pCO2 (ppm/year) at the end of the 64 Year Simulations, Diatom, Small Phytoplankton and Diazotroph Nutrient and Light Limitation Factors Over Global Ocean Area
"... In PAGE 4: ... During Pre-industrial N inputs, nutri- ent and light limitation factors reducing diatom growth (Figure 2a) were such that, C2436% of ocean area was nitrogen limited. As the inorganic N deposition increased from Pre-industrial values (low) to that in 1990s, and IPCC- A1FI, the regions which were nitrogen limited decreased to C2434% and C2430% respectively ( Table2 ). In these areas, the factor most limiting growth was shifted to other nutrients or light limitation (Table 2).... In PAGE 4: ... As the inorganic N deposition increased from Pre-industrial values (low) to that in 1990s, and IPCC- A1FI, the regions which were nitrogen limited decreased to C2434% and C2430% respectively (Table 2). In these areas, the factor most limiting growth was shifted to other nutrients or light limitation ( Table2 ). For example, in the IPCC-A1FI case the percent of ocean area where iron limited growth increased by 1.... In PAGE 5: ...regions by 1%, and 4% respectively, with increase mainly in Fe and P limited areas ( Table2 ). Comparing the diazotroph growth under Pre-industrial N deposition (Figure 2c), with that under N deposition in 1990s, and IPCC-AIF1, there was an increase in Fe and P limited regions across the global oceans (Table 2).... In PAGE 5: ...regions by 1%, and 4% respectively, with increase mainly in Fe and P limited areas (Table 2). Comparing the diazotroph growth under Pre-industrial N deposition (Figure 2c), with that under N deposition in 1990s, and IPCC-AIF1, there was an increase in Fe and P limited regions across the global oceans ( Table2 ). Globally, since there was a decrease in N limitation for diatoms and small phytoplankton, they competed with the diazotrophs for available iron and phosphorus more efficiently.... In PAGE 8: ... [24] The decrease in oceanic N fixation partially com- pensates for the increase in atmospheric N inputs. Compar- ing the increase of C2417 Tg N by atmospheric inputs during 1990s since Pre-industrial conditions, with the N fixation decrease by C244 Tg N ( Table2 ). The reduction in N fixation reduced the total increase in new N inputs to surface waters from atmospheric deposition by C2424%.... ..."
Table 8.1: Variables and parameters of the box model in equilibrium. In the tuning procedure (1 CO2), temperature and salinities are prescribed. The superscripts D, HL, LL denote the deep, high latitude and low latitude boxes of the model, respectively. The heat transport (sensible atmospheric, latent atmospheric and oceanic) at 400 N are denoted by Fs; Fl and Fo. Variable Units
Table 2. A Priori East Asian CO2/CO Molar Emission Ratiosa
2004
"... In PAGE 4: ... The main regional contributions to atmospheric CO are from Chinese fossil and biofuel combustion and Southeast Asian biomass burning. [14] Table2 lists the regional and source-specific CO2/CO molar emissions ratios derived from these a priori inventories. Regional totals are of most interest as the continental outflow sampled by the aircraft integrates con- tributions from different processes within a source region.... In PAGE 4: ... Regional totals are of most interest as the continental outflow sampled by the aircraft integrates con- tributions from different processes within a source region. As seen from Table2 , the combustion sources are charac- terized by a range of ratios that reflect differences in combustion efficiency and in air pollution controls for CO. One can also define a CO2/CO ratio for the biospheric source on the basis of CO production from short-lived biogenic NMHCs, mainly isoprene.... In PAGE 4: ... One can also define a CO2/CO ratio for the biospheric source on the basis of CO production from short-lived biogenic NMHCs, mainly isoprene. This ratio is generally very high relative to that from combustion ( Table2 ). Southeast Asia is an exception with a low value of 11.... In PAGE 5: ... The CO2/CO slope of 65 mol/mol is at the high end of the range observed in the boundary layer during TRACE- P. Emission inventories indicate a Japanese CO2/CO source signature of 122 ( Table2 ). The CO2/CO slope measured here is C2440% lower.... In PAGE 5: ... Back trajectories indicate a dominant influence from the Shanghai region. The CO2/CO slope is typical of biofuel or biomass burning and much lower than would be expected regionally for China ( Table2 ). On the basis of their analysis of TRACE-P flights over the East China and Yellow Seas, Carmichael et al.... ..."
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Table 1: Coe cient derived from the Maier-Reimer and Hasselmann (1987) oceanic GCM
"... In PAGE 10: ... The amplitudes A i maybeinterpreted as the relative capacity of other reservoirs, which are lled up independently by the atmospheric input at rates characterized by the relaxation time scales i (Maier-Reimer and Hasselmann, 1987). The A i and i are given in Table1 for the reader apos;s convenience, and can be seen to be similar for injections of 25% increase and doubling of the initial CO 2 , indicating close to linear response, but di er for an injection of quadrupling the initial atmospheric CO 2 since the quadrupling experiment falls into the nonlinear response regine, as the oceanic abilitytoabsorb CO 2 decreases. Table 1: Coe cient derived from the Maier-Reimer and Hasselmann (1987) oceanic GCM... ..."
Table II. Energy mix in housing 1990 (TJ) % total 2003 (TJ) % total
2004
Table 3. Results of relative atmospheric ozone impact estimates for chloropicrin and other representative VOCs for the three averaged conditions scenarios.
1996
"... In PAGE 16: ...uncertainty, and the discrepancy in the Model 1 simulation of CTC-112 is significant. Atmospheric Ozone Impact Estimates Table3 summarizes the relative ozone impacts calculated for chloropicrin and selected other representative compounds for the averaged conditions scenarios representing the three atmospheric NOx conditions. The tabulated quantities are quot;relative reactivities quot; (Carter, 1994), defined as the ratios of calculated incremental reactivities of the compounds, quantified on an ozone per gram basis, divided by the weighed average of the incremental reactivity of all the reactive organic emissions used in the model.... In PAGE 16: ... For example, acetone has recently been exempted from regulation because its range of reactivity under various atmospheric conditions overlaps that of ethane. Table3 shows that regardless of which chloropicrin photodecomposition mechanism is assumed, the model predicts that chloropicrin has a significantly greater ozone impact than ethane, and thus is not a reasonable candidate for VOC exemption by the criterion used by the EPA. Its reactivity relative to the average emissions depends on the NOx conditions.... In PAGE 40: ...Table3 . (continued) WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY 22222 (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) Photolysis File = CO2H 210.... In PAGE 41: ...Table3 . (continued) WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY 22222 (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) 319.... In PAGE 42: ...Table3 . (continued) WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY WL Abs QY 22222 (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) (nm) (cm ) 458.... ..."
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Table 1a: Comparison of Molecular Abundances* H2O/CO CH4/CO CO2/CO N2/CO NH3/CO
"... In PAGE 9: ...7 for bodies formed from the solar nebula or molecular cloud gas and a number roughly half that for bodies formed in the gravitational sphere of in uence of a giant planet (Figure 2). Table1 summarizes selective chemical abundances of elements and molecular species in interstellar clouds, the solar nebula, the ancient protosatellite disks around Jupiter and Saturn, comets, Pluto, Triton, and the atmosphere of Neptune. We now discuss the origin and limitations of these data, and then go on to describe their implicaitons for the site of... In PAGE 10: ... CO/H2 is assumed xed at 10?4 in all cases. Table1 b: Comparison of Elemental Abundances y C/H O/H N/H S/H Si/H Comets 0.25 0.... In PAGE 11: ... 1993 for further discussion of Orion KL). The hot core might give us the best opportunity to gauge the total molecular composition of material near a star forming region, and we use it in Table1 . Once again, however, we stress the caveats associated with the use of existing data for understanding abundances in our outer Solar System: First, although grains probably are present in the hot core, they may be too large from growth during collapse of the protostellar region (Weidenschilling amp; Ruzmaikina 1994) to be spectroscopically detectable.... In PAGE 11: ...bundances in the outer solar nebula (i.e., from 5 to 100 AU) are inferred from indirect measurements, or can be theoretically estimated. In Table1 we give estimates derived from the so-called kinetic inhibition model (Lewis amp; Prinn [1980]; Prinn amp; Fegley [1981]). This model assumes that all material (gas and grains) was cycled back and forth between the outer part of the disk and the inner hot region ( lt;1 AU) by radial mixing.... In PAGE 12: ... The debate is unresolved. In Table1 we show the kinetically inhibited case only by way of example; the poorly mixed case is represented by the molecular cloud abundances. Disks around the forming giant planets were highly compact structures compared to the solar nebula, with a higher likelihood of substantial radial mixing.... In PAGE 12: ... The entries in Table 1 are not appropriate for this last case. Finally in Table1 , the elemental abundances in Neptune apos;s atmosphere are shown. These refer to the detectable part of the atmosphere (including microwave observations down to 100 bars).... In PAGE 12: ... B. The Chemical Relationship of Pluto and Charon to Other Objects We now use Table1 and Figure 2 to identify patterns which may provide some insight into the region of formation, and the early evolution, of Pluto. Comets: Examination of their CH4/CO ratio reveals an upper range close to that of Triton apos;s surface, but less than that of Pluto apos;s surface.... In PAGE 13: ... One striking distinction between abundances in comets and Pluto apos;s surface lies in the N2/CO ratio, which is at least four orders of magnitude smaller in comets than on Pluto. However, N2 apos;s miniscule dipole moment makes it notoriously hard to detect; indeed, the value derived in Table1 is from observations of N+ 2 . A safer upper limit is perhaps N2/CO lt;1 (cf.... In PAGE 14: ... 1990). While this cannot be ruled out (and is so indicated in Table1 ), the more likely ratio in such a nebula is CH4/CO lt; lt;1. As with the molecular cloud abundance, trapping in ice grains can greatly increase the condensed phase fraction of methane.... ..."
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