"... In PAGE 35: ... Since then, while European countries have reduced immigration considerably, in particular by unskilled, non-OECD individuals, Canada and the US have exercised very selective immigration criteria and granted residence only to immigrants able to support themselves, and in particular to high-skilled individuals. Table14 , containing also data for Canada and the US in addition to our group of reference countries, shows labour force participation rates and unemployment rates, by sex, for nationals and foreigners. The general picture is that the participation rate is higher for nationals than for foreigners,20 while, in almost all European countries, the unemployment rate for foreigners is substantially larger (indeed, often double) than that of nationals.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ... It primarily concerns employees in public institutions and large and medium-sized urban enterprises, along with some of the workers in small firms known to urban business registers, but few rural workers. Table1 shows the relative size of the main labour market segments.2 As discussed further below (Table 2), efforts to extend the social insurance coverage have until now mostly targeted urban workers, but rural migrants and some other groups have attracted increasing policy attention.... In PAGE 10: ... The overall employment distribution across different parts of the labour market can be estimated only approximately because it requires a combination of data from different sources (Chapter 16 in OECD, 2002). Table1 uses official estimates of total employment and the agricultural share, based on surveys of population changes, and more detailed data from separate official sources for urban and rural areas. ... In PAGE 13: ... 6. China Labour Statistical Yearbook, 2004, Table1 -1. The figures exclude Hong Kong, China; Macau, China and Chinese Taipei.... ..."

"... In PAGE 10: ... They argue that for several African countries the urban wage premium over rural incomes was actually reversed in the 1980s. Table1 provides a characterisation of the African labour market. The labour market is heterogeneous.... ..."

"... In PAGE 43: ... Structural change, which is likely to speed up as a result of membership and specialisation, is expected to increase unemployment in short and medium run and that will increase pressure to migrate. The labour market indicators of Table7 show that there is quite a lot of need for labour-saving structural change in the candidate countries. In most of them, the labour shares of agriculture and manufacturing industries are higher than in the old member countries.... ..."

"... In PAGE 46: ... This section includes measures that explore the labour market impacts of having children of different ages, when the parent is a lone female. Table8 focusses on the presence of children under six years of age and then on the presence of at least one child under two years. It provides an illustration of how the presence of young children affects labour market participation, employment and unemployment.... ..."

"... In PAGE 8: ... Finally, largely consistent with previous findings, the relative size of the immigrant population is statistically significant for the more culturally different groups and regional economic conditions are important also. Table8 reports the results of a log linear model of labour market flows. Only two regressions are performed because sub-dividing immigrants into culturally similar groups resulted in interregional migration flows that were too small to analyse.... ..."

"... In PAGE 43: ... The nominal income levels are low and unemployment rates relatively high in the most CEE countries. Given that there will be migration from East to West, what will be the likely effects of such a change? These effects are summarised in Table8 . First, migration will decrease labour supply and unemployment in the source country.... ..."