First-order logic

Influenza is a viral disease that has long been known to affect birds and some mammals, but was only recently recognized in dogs. Each influenza virus is maintained in one or more related host species; however, host specificity is not absolute. A virus may occasionally infect other animals, or on rare occasions, become adapted to a new species. No influenza viruses were known to circulate in dogs until 2004-2006, when a virus caused outbreaks of severe and often fatal respiratory disease among racing greyhounds in the U.S. This virus was acquired from horses, and probably entered greyhound populations several years before these outbreaks. Although it has spread to other dogs since this time, the illness in these animals has been more typical of influenza. The most common syndrome is a relatively mild upper respiratory disease with a persistent cough. Pneumonia is possible, generally as the result of secondary infection with bacteria or mycoplasma, but uncommon. At present, infections tend to be seen mainly in animal shelters, kennels, dog day care facilities, or other sites where groups of susceptible dogs are in close contact. This virus does not seem to have spread widely in other pets, and it has not yet been

The category theoretic structures of monads and comonads can be used as an abstraction mechanism for simplifying both language semantics and programs. Monads have been used to structure impure computations, whilst comonads have been used to structure context-dependent computations. Interestingly, the class of computations structured by monads and the class of computations structured by comonads are not mutually exclusive. This paper formalises and explores the conditions under which a monad and a comonad can both structure the same notion of computation: when a comonad is left adjoint to a monad. Furthermore, we examine situations where a particular monad/comonad model of computation is deficient in capturing the essence of a computational pattern and provide a technique for calculating an alternative monad or comonad structure which fully captures the essence of the computation. Included is some discussion on how to choose between a monad or comonad structure in the case where either can be used to capture a particular notion of computation. 1

since the last stable version (Weka 3.4) released in 2003. 1.

This document is a revision of the public working draft dated 1998-08-19 incorporating suggestions received in review comments and further deliberations of the W3C RDF Model and Syntax Working Group. With the publication of this draft, the RDF Model and Syntax Specification enters "last call

modification to the update rules in that we normalized both ..\ and 1r messages at each iteration. As Pearl Nodes were updated in parallel: at each iteration all nodes calculated their outgoing messages based on the incoming messages of their neighbors from the pre vious iteration. The messages were said

represented by its own function approximator, independent of the value function, and is updated according to the gradient of expected reward with respect to the policy parameters. Williams's REINFORCE method and actor-critic methods are examples of this approach. Our main new result is to show

by following the guidelines here. The following resources related to this article are available online at www.sciencemag.org (this information is current as of June 5, 2010): Updated information and services, including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online version of this article at:

, in a Wall Street Journal article, claimed that “when it comes to technology, even the most bearish analysts agree the microchip and Internet are changing almost everything in the economy” (Ip, 2000). Or as an article in Fortune (June 8, 1998, pp. 86–87) magazine put it, “The [computer] chip has

During the last three or four years several investigators have been exploring “semantic models ” for formatted databases. The intent is to capture (in a more or less formal way) more of the meaning of the data so that database design can become more systematic and the database system itself can