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...(taken independently from a particular physical encoding) can be considered a further example – Recent unpublished work by one of the authors reports that more than 25% of WordNet (v1.6) noun synsets =-=[8]-=- can be formalised as non-physical object classes In general, we feel entitled to say that representing ontological (reified) contexts is a difficult alternative to avoid, when so much domain-oriented...

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...vocabularies implemented in Web ontologies. . . 1 Introduction Ontologies, as discussed in Artificial Intelligence, are formal, partial specifications of an agreement over the description of a domain =-=[1]-=-. Ontology-based communication and the integration of passive knowledge sources, dynamic agents and services on a global scale is also known as the vision of the Semantic Web. However, the difficulty ...

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...” Jakobson means referent, i.e. what the message is about and not the circumstances of utterance.sXIII be established by using ’ontologised’ dictionaries such as the DOLCE-enhanced version of WordNet =-=[9]-=-). Meanings are played by descriptions whatsoever and are not equivalent to any communication function. Descriptions playing the role of meaning have different natures according to the situation refer...

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...For example, the so called organizational context of knowledge (agents and their groups or communities, and the task and processes they perform) have been extensively studied in Knowledge Engineering =-=[15]-=-. Context modelling is also relevant to the effort of ontology mapping. Here, the most widely used contexts are the instance context and the natural language context. Algorithms using the first type o...

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...contexts are first-order entities, but themselves may have a structure consisting of other referenced descriptions. D&S thus provides a middle ground between the formal, analytic treatment of context =-=[17, 18]-=- and practical applications based on the structural investigation of particular contexts (such as the social context or workflow setting) and their effect on information systems. The D&S ontology will...

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...contexts are first-order entities, but themselves may have a structure consisting of other referenced descriptions. D&S thus provides a middle ground between the formal, analytic treatment of context =-=[17, 18]-=- and practical applications based on the structural investigation of particular contexts (such as the social context or workflow setting) and their effect on information systems. The D&S ontology will...

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... level of expression: the phonologic structure), and the interaction between the emergent linguistic structure (morpho-syntactic), and the underlying linguistic structure (conceptual or paradigmatic) =-=[14]-=-. Meaning in Saussurean terms is created by (morphosyntactic, lexical) Expressions in (a conceptual) Context, i.e. by the interpretation function I : (e, c) → m. Thus the semiotic roles of this theory...

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...ver seem to fail as upper ontologies are broken apart into hundreds of contexts or microtheories. A monolithic ontology that is adopted as a standard is not convincing either under many respects (see =-=[2]-=-).sII Adds to the challenge that scalability requirements will push towards the use of automated methods to acquire, translate or merge ontologies. Such methods are known to degrade the level of forma...

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...ance that allows a periodical maintenance of lightweight ontologies by means of well-crafted, expressive reference ontologies [2], and according to reconciliation, integration, and merging procedures =-=[5]-=-. But the massively distributed and unpredictable nature of Semantic Web ontologies does not easily yield to such a treatment for the level of detail required by the workflow. The breakdown of consens...

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...rather than technical; we refer the reader to the paper of Elst and Abecker for a detailed treatment of the contradiction of sharing scope, stability and formality of knowledge in information systems =-=[4]-=-. A possible direction might be adopting a complex workflow for ontology maintenance that allows a periodical maintenance of lightweight ontologies by means of well-crafted, expressive reference ontol...

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...s, plans, regulations, narratives, mental contents, schedules, parameters, diagnoses, etc. In fact, important fields of investigation have negated an ontological primitiveness to non-physical objects =-=[7]-=-, because they are taken to have meaning only in combination with some other entity, i.e. their intended meaning results from a 4 http://swap.semanticweb.org IIIsIV statement. For example, a norm, a p...

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...t ontologies are social artifacts. While tenable in closed environment, this attitude quickly leads to practical problems in heterogeneous contexts, such as the one known as the Web’s identity crisis =-=[11]-=-. This crisis resulted from the vague definition of Universal ResourcesIdentifiers (URI). In practice, symbols of Semantic Web ontologies are often used to denote documents, in other cases documents c...

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...ion), and a binary predicate satisfies, holding between S and a subset of D, called SD (Situation Description): SD(x) → D(x) (1) satisfies(x, y) → S(x) ∧ SD(y) (2) satisfiedBy(y, x) ↔ satisfies(x, y) =-=(3)-=- ∀x.S(x) → ∃y.SD(y) ∧ satisfies(x, y) (4) D is inserted under one of the predicates Pi in O, provided that D instances are unitarian, non-physical entities depending on the intentionality of an agent....

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...guistic theory ever since its original publication over 40 years ago. As he writes in “Linguistics and Poetics: Closing Statement” all acts of communication are contingent on six constituent elements =-=[13]-=-: the addresser or encoder [speaker, author], a message [the verbal act, the signifier), the addressee XIsXII or decoder (the hearer or reader), a context 7 (a referent, the signified), a code (shared...

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... work of a survey of ontology-based systems, we have shown that all proposed application scenarios of ontologies in information systems build upon the primitive notion of ontology-based communication =-=[10]-=-. To our knowledge, no formal descriptions of this process has been given so far; even though such formalization would allow us to reason about the workings of our systems. IXsX In the following, we d...