Abstract

... This article presents one alternative to the computer metaphor suggesting that brains are organized into independent modules. Evidence is reviewed that brains are organized into parallel processing streams with complementary properties. Hierarchical interactions within each stream and parallel interactions between streams create coherent behavioral representations that overcome the complementary deficiencies of each stream and support unitary conscious experiences. This perspective suggests how brain design reflects the organization of the physical world with which brains interact. Examples from perception, learning, cognition, and action are described, and theoretical concepts and mechanisms by which complementarity is accomplished are presented.

Citations

1158	Self-organization and associative memory - Kohonen - 1984
459	Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion - Adelson, B - 1985
210	Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection - Edelman - 1987
196	Separate visual pathways for perception and action - Goodale, Milner - 1992
188	Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat - Eckhorn, Bauer, et al. - 1988
157	Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex - CM, Singer - 1989
154	Conditional Reflexes - Pavlov - 1927
143	Model of human visual-motion sensing - Watson, Ahumada - 1985
137	Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex - Hubel, Wiesel - 1977
137	KA: Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways. Trends Neurosci - LG, Mishkin, et al. - 1983
133	Competitive mechanisms subserve attention in macaque areas V2 and V4 - JH, Chelazzi, et al. - 1999
128	Neural mechanisms of spatial selective attention in areas V1, V2, and V4 of macaque visual cortex - SJ, Chelazzi, et al. - 1997
124	The cerebellum and neural control - Ito - 1984
123	Pattern recognition by self-organizing neural 35 - Carpenter, Grossberg - 1991
102	3-D vision and figure-ground separation by visual cortex, Perception and Psychophysics - Grossberg
92	Stereoscopic depth discrimination in the visual cortex: Neurons ideally suited as disparity detectors - Ohzawa, DeAngelis, et al. - 1990
90	Improvement in visual sensitivity by changes in local context: Parallel studies in human observers and in V1 of alert monkeys. Neuron 15: 843–856 - Kapadia, Ito, et al. - 1995
85	Focal attention produces spatially selective processing in visual cortical areas V1, V2, and V4 in the presence of competing stimuli - Motter - 1993
82	Feature-linked synchronization of thalamic relay cell firing induced by feedback from the visual cortex - Sillito, Jones, et al. - 1994
77	Cortical feedback improves discrimination between figure and background by V1, V2 and V3 neurons. Nature 394 - Hupé, James, et al. - 1998
74	Concurrent processing streams in monkey visual cortex. Trends Neurosci - DEYOE, ESSEN - 1988
69	Neural dynamics of 1-D and 2-D brightness perception: A unified model of classical and recent phenomena - Grossberg, Todorovic - 1988
69	Brightness perception, illusory contours, and corticogeniculate feedback - Gove, Grossberg, et al. - 1995
63	Directionand velocity-specific responses from beyond the classical receptive field in the middle temporal area - Allman, Miczin, et al. - 1985
54	How does the cerebral cortex work? Learning, attention, and grouping by the laminar circuits of visual cortex - Grossberg - 1999
52	Contrast-sensitive perceptual grouping and object-based attention in the laminar circuits of primary visual cortex. Vision Research - Grossberg, Raizada - 2000
52	Metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in cerebellar Purkinje cells as substrate for adaptive timing of the classically conditioned eye-blink response - Fiala, Grossberg, et al. - 1996
50	Visual brain and visual perception: How does the cortex do perceptual grouping? Trends in Neurosciences - Grossberg, Mingolla - 1997
49	Object-based attention in the primary visual cortex of the macaque monkey - Roelfsema, Lamme, et al. - 1998
48	Temporal covariance model of human motion perception - SANTEN, SPERLING - 1984
48	Neural dynamics of motion grouping: From aperture ambiguity to object speed and direction - Chey, Grossberg, et al. - 1997
46	Neural dynamics of variable-rate speech categorization - Grossberg, Boardman, et al. - 1997
45	The hippocampus and cerebellum in adaptively timed learning, recognition, and movement - Grossberg, Merrill - 1996
43	Recurrent excitation in neocortical circuits. Science 269:981–985 - Douglas, Koch, et al. - 1995
43	Adaptive behavior and learning - Staddon - 1983
41	Cortical dynamics of form and motion integration: Persistence, apparent motion, and illusory contours - Francis, Grossberg - 1996
39	Cortical dynamics of three-dimensional figure-ground perception of two-dimensional pictures. Psychol Rev 104: 618–658 - Grossberg - 1997
39	Cortical dynamics of visual motion perception: Short-range and long-range apparent motion - Grossberg, Rudd
37	Tuning of MST Neurons to Spiral Motions - Graziano, Andersen, et al. - 1994
36	Segregation of global and local motion processing in primate middle temporal visual area - Born, Tootell - 1992
32	Adaptive resonance theory - Carpenter, Grossberg - 2003
31	Analysis of object motion in the ventral part of the medial superior temporal area of the macaque visual cortex - Tanaka, Sugita, et al. - 1993
30	Cortical networks for control of voluntary arm movements under variable force conditions - Bullock, Cisek, et al. - 1998
30	Cortical synchronization and perceptual framing - Grossberg - 1997
29	On perception - Wallach - 1976
29	STORE working memory networks for storage and recall of arbitrary temporal sequences - Bradski, Carpenter, et al. - 1994
26	Modeling simple-cell direction selectivity with normalized, half-squared, linear operators - Heeger - 1993
25	A neural model of high-level motion processing: Line motion and formotion dynamics - Baloch, Grossberg - 1997
24	The resonant dynamics of speech perception: Interword integration and duration-dependent backward effects.” Psychol - Grossberg, Myers - 2000
23	Neuronal population coding of movement direction. Science 233 - Georgopoulos, Schwartz, et al. - 1986