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Abstract
Feature combination strategies for saliency-based visual attention systems Abstract. Bottom-up or saliency-based visual attention allows primates to detect nonspecific conspicuous targets in cluttered scenes. A classical metaphor, derived from electrophysiological and psychophysical studies, describes attention as a rapidly shiftable ‘‘spotlight.’’ We use a model that reproduces the attentional scan paths of this spotlight. Simple multi-scale ‘‘feature maps’ ’ detect local spatial discontinuities in intensity, color, and orientation, and are combined into a unique ‘‘master’ ’ or ‘‘saliency’ ’ map. The saliency map is sequentially scanned, in order of decreasing saliency, by the focus of attention. We here study the problem of combining feature maps, from different visual modalities (such as color and orientation), into a unique saliency map. Four combination strategies are compared using three databases of natural color images: (1) Simple normalized summation, (2) linear combination with learned weights, (3) global nonlinear normalization followed by summation, and (4) local nonlinear competition between salient locations followed by summation. Performance was measured as the number of false detections before the most salient target was found. Strategy (1) always yielded poorest performance and (2) best performance, with a threefold to eightfold improvement in time to find a salient target. However, (2) yielded specialized systems with poor generalization. Interestingly, strategy (4) and its simplified, computationally efficient approximation (3) yielded significantly better performance than (1), with up to fourfold improvement, while preserving generality. © 2001 SPIE and IS&T. [DOI: 10.1117/1.1333677] 1
Keyphrases
saliency map salient target describes attention salient location global nonlinear normalization false detection learned weight linear combination cluttered scene simple normalized summation poorest performance poor generalization psychophysical study attentional scan path specialized system nonspecific conspicuous target feature map unique master feature combination strategy saliency-based visual attention classical metaphor combination strategy different visual modality local spatial discontinuity natural color image saliency-based visual attention system abstract efficient approximation unique saliency map local nonlinear competition shiftable spotlight simple multi-scale feature map
