BibTeX
@MISC{_appropriatelocation,
author = {},
title = {Appropriate Location of the Nipple-Areola Complex in Males},
year = {}
}
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Abstract
Gynecomastia is a common deformity encountered by plastic surgeons. The appropriate location of the nipple-areola complex is a major determinant of the aesthetic success of the procedure. To study the natural location of the nipple-areola com-plex in the normally built male, 50 nonobese men with no evidence of gynecomastia and an average age of 27.9 years were examined. Three ratios were calculated and found to be relatively constant; they were the ratio between the height of the nipple and the height of the patient, the ratio between the distance between the nipples and chest circumference, and the ratio between the suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance and the height of the patient. Using these three parameters, a method of locating the nipple-areola complex on the male chest wall was devised. The method is advocated as a reliable, simple, and useful technique. (Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 108: 348, 2001.) Gynecomastia is a common deformity requir-ing the intervention of the plastic surgeon. There is a growing awareness of male breast aesthetic appearance, and patients of all ages are seeking solutions for their problem. Differ-ent surgical approaches have been proposed for the treatment of male gynecomastia.1–3 Suc-tion-assisted lipoplasty has been introduced as an adjunct or alternative to surgical manage-ment; this procedure has the advantage of min-imal scarring.4–6 The proper location of the nipple-areola complex remains the most important factor in successfully treating the male breast; other im-portant factors are the location and size of the skin scars. Beckenstein et al.7 stressed the im-portance of patient height as a fixed parameter from which nipple location should be calcu-lated. Murphy et al.8 noted that there is a poor correlation between the midhumeral point and the nipple plane, and they proposed that suprasternal-to-pubis distance be the parame-ter used to determine the nipple plane.8 They also proposed that chest circumference be the base for calculating the internipple distance in the male patient.8 With these two outstanding analyses in mind, we decided to devise a new, simple, integrated system for the proper location of the nipple-areola complex on the male breast.
Keyphrases
nipple-areola complex appropriate location nipple plane proper location plastic surgeon male breast common deformity integrated system natural location male patient suc-tion-assisted lipoplasty im-portant factor patient height useful technique surgical manage-ment male breast aesthetic appearance nonobese men fixed parameter important factor internipple distance outstanding analysis differ-ent surgical approach skin scar nipple-areola com-plex major determinant midhumeral point min-imal scarring poor correlation aesthetic success nipple location suprasternal-to-pubis distance male gynecomastia suprasternal notch-to-nipple distance average age
