Abstract

INTRODUCTION Evolutionary change is caused by the spontaneously generated genetic variation and its subsequent fixation by drift and/or selection. Consequently, the main focus of evolutionary theory has been to understand the genetic structure and dynamics of populations, see e.g. [101]. In recent years, however, alternative approaches have gained increasing prominence in evolutionary theory. This development has been stimulated to some extent by the application of evolutionary models to designing evolutionary algorithms such as Genetic Al- Evolutionary Dynamics edited by J.P. Crutchfield and P. Schuster, 1999 2 Spectral Landscape Theory gorithms, Evolution Strategies, and Genetic Programming, as well as by the theory of Complex Adaptive Systems [69, 79, 38]. The generic structure of an evolutionary model is x 0 = S (x; w) ffi T (x;<F

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