BibTeX
@MISC{A_testable,
author = {H. Stefan Bracha A and O. Joseph Bienvenu C and William W. Eaton D},
title = {Testable},
year = {}
}
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Abstract
hypotheses based on threats to survival during particular segments of the human era of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA) may be useful in developing a brain-evolution-based classification for the wide spectrum of disorders ranging from disorders which MODEL ARTICLE IN PRESSare mostly overconsolidationally such as PTSD, to fear-circuitry disorders which are mostly innate such as specific phobias. The recently presented Paleolithic-human-warfare hypothesis posits that blood–injection phobia can be traced to a “survival (fitness) enhancing ” trait, which evolved in some females of reproductive-age during the millennia of intergroup warfare in the Paleolithic EEA. The study presented here tests the key a priori prediction of this hypothesis—that current blood–injection phobia will have higher prevalence in reproductive-age women than in post-menopausal women. Method: The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (version III-R), which included a section on blood and injection phobia, was administered to 1920 subjects in the Baltimore ECA Follow-up Study. Results: Data on BII phobia was available on 1724 subjects (1078 women and 646 males). The prevalence of current blood– injection phobia was 3.3 % in women aged 27–49 and 1.1 % in women over age 50 (OR 3.05, 95 % CI 1.20–7.73). [The corresponding figures for males were 0.8 % and 0.7 % (OR 1.19, 95 % CI 0.20–7.14)]. Conclusions: This epidemiological study provides one source of support for the Paleolithic-human-warfare (Paleolithic-threat) hypothesis regarding the evolutionary (distal) etiology of bloodletting-related phobia, and may contribute to a more brain-
Keyphrases
current blood injection phobia injection phobia human era epidemiological study model article pressare bloodletting-related phobia fear-circuitry disorder version iii-r intergroup warfare bii phobia baltimore eca follow-up study reproductive-age woman evolutionary adaptedness diagnostic interview schedule particular segment wide spectrum post-menopausal woman corresponding figure paleolithic-human-warfare hypothesis posit brain-evolution-based classification priori prediction specific phobia paleolithic eea
