Abstract

We introduce a new method for adapting the step size of each individual weight in a multi-layer perceptron trained by stochastic gradient descent. Our technique derives from the K1 algorithm for linear systems (Sutton, 1992b), which in turn is based on a diagonalized Kalman Filter. We expand upon Sutton's work in two regards: K1 is a) extended to multi-layer perceptrons, and b) made more efficient by linearizing an exponentiation operation. The resulting elk1 (extended, linearized K1) algorithm is computationally little more expensive than alternative proposals (Zimmermann, 1994; Almeida et al., 1997, 1998), and does not require an arbitrary smoothing parameter. In our benchmark experiments, elk1 consistently outperforms these alternatives, as well as stochastic gradient descent with momentum, even when the number of floating-point operations required per weight update is taken into account. Unlike the method of Almeida et al. (1997, 1998), elk1 does not require statistical independence between successive training patterns, and handles large initial learning rates well.

Citations