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A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems (1978) [2096 citations — 25 self]

Abstract:

An encryption method is presented with the novel property that publicly revealing an encryption key does not thereby reveal the corresponding decryption key. This has two important consequences: 1. Couriers or other secure means are not needed to transmit keys, since a message can be enciphered using an encryption key publicly revealed by the intended recipient. Only he can decipher the message, since only he knows the corresponding decryption key. 2. A message can be "signed" using a privately held decryption key. Anyone can verify this signature using the corresponding publicly revealed encryption key. Signatures cannot be forged, and a signer cannot later deny the validity of his signature. This has obvious applications in "electronic mail" and "electronic funds transfer" systems. A message is encrypted by representing it as a number M, raising M to a publicly specified power e, and then taking the remainder when the result is divided by the publicly specified product, n, of two lar...

Citations

1881 New directions in cryptography – Diffie, Hellman - 1976
224 M.E.: New directions in cryptography – e, Hellman - 1976
218 The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 2 (Seminumerical Algorithms – Knuth - 1969
211 An Improved Algorithm for Computing Logarithms over GF(p) and its Cryptographic Significance – Pohlig, Hellman - 1978
145 Riemann's hypothesis and tests for primality – Miller - 1976
109 A Fast Monte-Carlo Test for Primality – Solovay, Strassen - 1977
100 Secure Communication over an Insecure Channel – Merkle - 1978
90 An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers – Niven, Zuckerman, et al. - 1991
71 Probabilistic algorithms – Rabin
49 Exhaustive cryptanalysis of the NBS Data Encryption – Diffie, Hellman - 1977
5 Some cryptographic applications of permutation polynomials – Levine, Brawley - 1977
3 Theorems on factorization and primality – Pollard - 1974
3 Electronic mail – Potter - 1977
2 A comment on this article may be found in the Technical Correspondence section of this issue – No - 1975