Introduction: the challenge of a science of consciousness Understanding consciousness has become the ultimate intellectual challenge of this new millennium. Even if philosophers now accept the notion that it is a "real , natural, biological phenomenon literally located in the brain" (Revonsuo, 2001), a view in harmony with the neuroscientist conception that "consciousness is entirely caused by neurobiological processes and realized in brain structures" (Changeux, 1983; Crick, 1994; Edelman, 1989), the real issue becomes: how to elaborate a science of consciousness? This challenging problem raises two questions. A first one is how to empirically define experimental paradigms in order to delineate a relevant and ultimately causal relationship between subjective phenomena and objective measurements of neural activity. Cognitive psychologists have now defined a variety of minimal experimental protocols which allow a fair comparison between conscious and non-conscious processing of informa
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