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A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance (1997)
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| Venue: | American Psychologist |
| Citations: | 639 - 10 self |
BibTeX
@ARTICLE{Steele97athreat,
author = {Claude M. Steele},
title = {A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance},
journal = {American Psychologist},
year = {1997},
pages = {613--629}
}
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Abstract
A general theory of domain identification is used to describe achievement barriers still faced by women in advanced quantitative areas and by African Americans in school. The theory assumes that sustained school success requires identification with school and its subdomains; that societal pressures on these groups (e.g., economic disadvantage, gender roles) can frustrate this identification; and that in school domains where these groups are negatively stereotyped, those who have become domain identified face the further barrier of stereotype threat, the threat that others ' judgments or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain. Research shows that this threat dramatically depresses the standardized test performance of women and African Americans who are in the academic vanguard of their groups
Keyphrases
intellectual identity african american standardized test performance societal pressure domain identification academic vanguard general theory domain identified face advanced quantitative area sustained school success achievement barrier stereotype threat economic disadvantage school domain
