On the Decision Problem for Two-Variable First-Order Logic (1997)
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@MISC{Grädel97onthe,
author = {Erich Grädel and Phokion G. Kolaitis and Moshe Y. Vardi},
title = {On the Decision Problem for Two-Variable First-Order Logic},
year = {1997}
}
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Abstract
We identify the computational complexity of the satisfiability problem for FO², the fragment of first-order logic consisting of all relational first-order sentences with at most two distinct variables. Although this fragment was shown to be decidable a long time ago, the computational complexity of its decision problem has not been pinpointed so far. In 1975 Mortimer proved that FO² has the finite-model property, which means that if an FO²-sentence is satisfiable, then it has a finite model. Moreover, Mortimer showed that every satisfiable FO²-sentence has a model whose size is at most doubly exponential in the size of the sentence. In this paper, we improve Mortimer's bound by one exponential and show that every satisfiable FO²-sentence has a model whose size is at most exponential in the size of the sentence. As a consequence, we establish that the satisfiability problem for FO² is NEXPTIME-complete.
