s osseus. To measure flexural stiffness, dead gar were gripped and bent in a device that measured applied bending moment (Nm) and the resulting midline curvature (m -1 ). From these values, the flexural stiffness of the body (EI in Nm 2 ) was calculated before and after sequential alterations of skin structure. Cutting of the dermis between two caudal scale rows significantly reduced the flexural stiffness of the body and increased the neutral zone of curvature, a region of bending without detectable stiffness. Neither bending property was significantly altered by the removal of a caudal scale row. These alterations in skin structure were also made in live gar and the kinematics of steady swimming was measured before and after each treatment. Cutting of the dermis between two caudal scale rows, performed under anesthesia, changed the swimming kinematics of the fish: tailbeat frequency (Hz) and propulsive wave speed (bo
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25
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Adaptation and Environment
– Brandon
- 1990
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14
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Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
– Carroll
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Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment
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Fish Swimming
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Life in Moving Fluids
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The muscular control of vertebrate swimming movements
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Mechanical control of swimming speed: stiffness and axial wave form in undulating fish models
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Undulatory swimming with and without waves of contraction
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The effect of solid and porous channel walls on steady swimming of steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
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The effect of size and swimming speed on locomotor kinematics of rainbow trout
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Stiffness and damping forces in the intervertebral joints of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans
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The horizontal septum: mechanisms of force transfer in locomotion of scombrid fishes (Scombridae, Perciformes
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Are muscle fibers within fish myotomes activated synchronously? Patterns of recruitment within deep myomeric musculature during swimming in largemouth bass
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3
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Red muscle motor patterns during steady swimming in largemouth bass: effects of speed and correlations with axial kinematics
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Morphology, mechanics and locomotion: the relation between the notochord and swimming motions in sturgeon
– LONG
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Undulatory swimming: how traveling waves are produced and modulated in sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus
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Shark skin: function in locomotion
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Mechanical design of polypterid fish integument for energy storage during recoil aspiration
– BRAINERD
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Mammalian spinal biomechanics. I. Static and dynamic mechanical properties of intact intervertebral joints
– GAL
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Backbone mechanics of the blue marlin Makaira nigricans (Pisces
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- 1990
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Mechanical properties of fish backbones in lateral bending and in tension
– HEBRANK
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The Rise of Fishes
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The importance of body stiffness in undulatory propulsion. Am. Zool
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Tuning in to fish swimming waves: body form, swimming mode and muscle
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Air ventilation by recoil aspiration in polypterid fishes
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Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen am Lokomotionsapparat der Actinopterygii Phylogenetische Rekonstruktion und funktionelle Hypothesen
– GEMBALLA
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Studies on the Structure and Development of Vertebrates
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Functional morphology of ventral tail bending and prehensile abilities of the seahorse
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Mechanical properties and locomotor functions of eel skin
– HEBRANK
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The mechanics of fish skin: lack of an “external tendon” role in two teleosts
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The scales of primitive living actinopterygians
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Anatomy and functional morphology of dermal collagen fibers in sharks. Copeia
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Functional aspects of the skin in polypterid fishes
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Anesthesia, surgery and related techniques
– SUMMERFELT, SMITH
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On the interrelationships between morphology and movement in the tail of the cichlid fish Tilapia nilotica
– VIDELER
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The effect of armored skin on the swimming of longnose gar, Lepisosteus osseus
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