During the 1980s, changes in the US legal environment ushered in an era characterized by strong patent rights. This paper examines the effects of this "pro-patent" shift on firms in the semiconductor industry. By conducting interviews with industry representatives and analyzing the patenting behavior of 95 US semiconductor firms during 1979-1995, we find that the strengthening of US patent rights spawned "patent portfolio races" among capital-intensive firms, but also may have facilitated entry by specialized design firms during this period. The results highlight the multifaceted effects of strengthening patent rights on firms within one important cumulative technological setting. JEL: O34, O32, L63 3 1.
|
198
|
The sources of innovation
– Hippel
- 1988
|
|
75
|
Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators: A Survey
– Griliches
- 1990
|
|
64
|
Regression analysis of count data
– Cameron, Trivedi
- 1998
|
|
60
|
Protecting Their Intellectual Assets: Appropriability Conditions and Why U.S. Manufacturing Firms Patent (or Not),” NBER working paper W7552
– Cohen, Nelson, et al.
- 2000
|
|
48
|
Econometric Models for Count Data with an Application to the Patents-R
– Hausman, Hall, et al.
- 1984
|
|
26
|
Stronger Protection or Technological Revolution: What is Behind the Recent Surge
– Kortum, Lerner
- 1998
|
|
22
|
Managing intellectual capital: Licensing and cross-licensing semiconductors and electronics
– Grindley, Teece
- 1997
|
|
20
|
Patents and R&D: Is there a lag
– BH, Griliches, et al.
- 1986
|
|
20
|
Patenting in the shadow of competitors
– Lerner
- 1995
|
|
18
|
Protecting early innovators: should second-generation products be patentable
– Scotchmer
- 1996
|
|
16
|
On the division of profit in sequential innovation
– Green, Scotchmer
- 1995
|
|
15
|
Pseudo maximum likelihood methods: Applications to Poisson models
– Gourieroux, Monfort, et al.
- 1984
|
|
14
|
The Economic Impact of the Patent System: A Study of the British Experience
– Taylor, Silberston
- 1973
|
|
12
|
Novelty and Disclosure in Patent Law
– Scotchmer, Green
- 1990
|
|
11
|
Flows of knowledge from universities and federal labs: Modeling the flow of patent citations over time and across institutional geographic boundaries. Working Paper 5712
– Jaffe, Trajtenberg
- 1996
|
|
11
|
Patents and Innovation
– Mansfield
- 1986
|
|
11
|
The Timing of Innovation
– Reinganum
- 1989
|
|
10
|
Licensing Tacit Knowledge: Intellectual Property Rights and the Market for Know-How
– ARORA
- 1995
|
|
9
|
Nonobviousness and the Incentive to Innovate: An Economic Analysis of Intellectual Property Reform,” working paper no
– Hunt
- 1999
|
|
9
|
The Quality of Ideas: Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators,” National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7345
– Lanjouw, Schankerman
- 1999
|
|
8
|
Preliminary Injunctive Relief: Theory and Evidence from Patent Litigation,” Harvard Business School working paper no. 96-068, and NBER working paper no
– Lanjouw, Lerner
- 1996
|
|
8
|
Standing on the Shoulders of Giants
– Scotchmer
- 1991
|
|
7
|
Economic theories about the benefits and costs of patents
– Mazzoleni, Nelson
- 1998
|
|
7
|
A patentability requirement for sequential innovation
– O’Donoghue
- 1998
|
|
6
|
Trajtenberg (2000), “Market Value and Patent Citations: A First Look”, National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7741
– Hall, Jaffe, et al.
|
|
6
|
The Semiconductor Industry
– Levin
- 1982
|
|
5
|
The Evolving Role of Semiconductor Consortia
– Ham, Linden, et al.
- 1998
|
|
4
|
The Changing Technology of Technological Change
– Arora, Gambardella
- 1994
|
|
4
|
Patent Litigation and Its Relationship to Industry Structure and Competition
– Barton, Parapatt
- 1998
|
|
4
|
Sequential Innovation, Patents, and Imitation.” Working Paper 11/99. http://papers.ssrn.com/paper.taf?abstract_id=206189
– Bessen, Maskin
- 1999
|
|
4
|
Contracting into Liability Rules: Intellectual Property Rights and Collective Rights Organizations,” California Law Review 84(5
– Merges
- 1996
|
|
3
|
The New World of Patents Created by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
– Adelman
- 1987
|
|
3
|
Individual Effects and Dynamics in Count Data Models,” unpublished manuscript
– Blundell, Griffith, et al.
- 1997
|
|
3
|
GMM Estimation of Count-Panel-Data Models with Fixed Effects and Predetermined Instruments
– Montalvo
- 1997
|
|
3
|
Trademark Office (USPTO
– Patent
- 1999
|
|
2
|
Katrin Vopel
– Harhoff, Narin, et al.
- 1999
|
|
2
|
Rapporteur’s Report: The Stanford Workshop on Intellectual Property and Industry Competitive Standards
– Headley
- 1998
|
|
2
|
Property Rights, Transactions, and the Value of Intangible Assets,” working paper
– Merges
- 1998
|
|
2
|
Patent Law and Policy: Cases and Materials. Second edition
– Merges
- 1997
|
|
2
|
Ten Years of Patent Law Development Under the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
– Nies
- 1993
|
|
2
|
J-F Thisse
– O’Donoghue, Scotchmer
- 1998
|
|
2
|
Patents and R&D at the Firm Level: A First Look,” Economic Letters 5
– Pakes, Griliches
- 1980
|
|
2
|
Proposal for the Simplification and Reform of the United States Patent System
– Quillen
- 1993
|
|
2
|
Firm Size, Market Structure
– unknown authors
- 1965
|
|
2
|
IBM again tops technology rivals for most patents,” The San Diego Union-Tribune
– Shinal
- 1998
|
|
2
|
Profiting from technological innovation. Research Policy 15:285–306
– Teece
- 1986
|
|
1
|
Trajtenberg and Michael Fogarty (2000). ''The Meaning of Patent Citations: Report of the NBER/Case Western Reserve Survey of Patentees,'' National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 7631
– Jaffe, Manuel
|
