Abstract

Abstract—We consider projected equations for approximate solution of high-dimensional fixed point problems within lowdimensional subspaces. We introduce an analytical framework based on an equivalence with variational inequalities, and algorithms that may be implemented with low-dimensional simulation. These algorithms originated in approximate dynamic programming (DP), where they are collectively known as temporal difference (TD) methods. Even when specialized to DP, our methods include extensions/new versions of TD methods, which offer special implementation advantages and reduced overhead over the standard LSTD and LSPE methods, and can deal with near singularity in the associated matrix inversion. We develop deterministic iterative methods and their simulationbased versions, and we discuss a sharp qualitative distinction between them: the performance of the former is greatly affected by direction and feature scaling, yet the latter have the same asymptotic convergence rate regardless of scaling, because of their common simulation-induced performance bottleneck. Index Terms—Dynamic programming, Markov decision processes, approximation methods, temporal difference methods, reinforcement learning. I.

Citations