Abstract

Background notes: The word Torah refers narrowly to the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy, but can also include the entire Hebrew bible (the body of scripture non-Jews call the Old Testament and Jews call the Tanakh or Written Torah). In this article, the reader will see the usual Talmudic citation convention where "Ketubot 93a " refers to a particular side (in this case, front) of a particular two-sided leaf (93) from a particular tractate (Ketubot). Talmud refers to Jewish rabbinical oral tradition, which was written down over 1300 years ago. The designations BCE (Before the Common Era) and CE have been in use for several decades as more neutral substitutes for BC and AD, respectively, to keep the same dating system while being more respectful of non-Christian faiths. Hebrew words are written right to left.

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