Abstract

Introduction How can we consistently recognize objects when changes in the viewing angle, eye position, distance, size, orientation, relative position, or deformations of the object itself (e.g., of a newspaper or a gymnast) can change their retinal projections so significantly? The visual system must contain knowledge about such transformations in order to be able to generalize correctly. Part of this knowledge is probably determined genetically, but it is also likely that the visual system learns from its sensory experience, which contains plenty of examples of such transformations. Electrophysiological experiments suggest that the invariance properties of perception may be due to the receptive field characteristics of individual cells in the visual system. Complex cells in the primary visual cortex exhibit approximate invariance to position within a limited range (Hubel and Wiesel 1962), while cells in higher visual areas in the temporal cortex show more complex forms of invariance

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