Abstract

We propose a theory to explain random behavior for the digits in the expansions of fundamental mathematical constants. At the core of our approach is a general hypothesis concerning the distribution of the iterates generated by dynamical maps. On this main hypothesis, one obtains proofs of base-2 normality—namely bit randomness in a specific technical sense— for a collection of celebrated constants, including , log 2, (3), and others. Also on the hypothesis, the number (5) is either rational or normal to base 2. We indicate a research connection between our dynamical model and the theory of pseudorandom number generators.

Citations