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...rimarily been explored within ubiquitous computing [30], which looks at the use of embedded computer technology to support users activities wherever and whenever it is needed, and tangible interfaces =-=[12]-=- which take ubiquitous computing yet another step, promoting that user interfaces to computers should not be digital, but physical; one should be able to manipulate data in computers by manipulating p...

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...tween humans and computers and the computer mediation of human communication through natural and already established interfaces. These aspects have primarily been explored within ubiquitous computing =-=[30]-=-, which looks at the use of embedded computer technology to support users activities wherever and whenever it is needed, and tangible interfaces [12] which take ubiquitous computing yet another step, ...

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...logy can be used to support games or entertainment. This has been accomplished by applying the approaches, theories and methods from narrative fields such as literature, theatre, film etc. (c.f. [7], =-=[15]-=-, [17], [21], [23], and [29]). However, this research has focused solely on computer games, rather than games in general. Further, the parent mediums have a strong focus on supporting experience, rath...

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...s a view has emerged that computational power needs to be quiet and calm; disappearing completely into the background so that users can focus solely on the activity the computer system should support =-=[31]-=-. An easy way to avoid the inherent features of personal computers or game consoles is to start with a device that satisfies the minimum requirements of computational power. Looking at the kind of cal...

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...used to support games or entertainment. This has been accomplished by applying the approaches, theories and methods from narrative fields such as literature, theatre, film etc. (c.f. [7], [15], [17], =-=[21]-=-, [23], and [29]). However, this research has focused solely on computer games, rather than games in general. Further, the parent mediums have a strong focus on supporting experience, rather than inte...

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...rs, moving the avatars across a map of the city while other players roam the actual city, chasing the avatars using handheld computers (PDAs) that inform them about the avatars’ whereabouts. Pirates! =-=[3]-=- is a multi-player PDA-based game using radio-based proximity sensors to detect proximity to other players or ‘islands’ in the game. Pervasive Clue [26] is a pervasive mystery game in the form of a Li...

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...-rendered game elements on the players’ physical environment. Touch-Space [6] also superimposes game elements but switches between a virtual and semi-virtual world. 5.2 Tile-based Games Gorbet et al. =-=[9]-=- created the Triangles interface which, among other things, was used as a storytelling device for children. By combining the triangles, that in this case depicted characters and places from the Cinder...

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... provided with sensing technology. Finding Mister X [1] equips people with sensor-collecting PDAs, the objective being to identify a specific player given only that person’s sensor data. PingPongPlus =-=[13]-=- introduces the concept of Computer-Supported Cooperative Play (CSCP) in which traditional games and sports are merged, transformed and augmented. Several augmented variants of Ping Pong were created ...

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...telling device for children. By combining the triangles, that in this case depicted characters and places from the Cinderella story, children could hear different aspects of the story. Mandryk et al. =-=[20]-=- created False Prophets which uses a computer-augmented board game together with handheld computers to create a game that requires non-mediated social interaction between the players. Computation is u...

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...o support games or entertainment. This has been accomplished by applying the approaches, theories and methods from narrative fields such as literature, theatre, film etc. (c.f. [7], [15], [17], [21], =-=[23]-=-, and [29]). However, this research has focused solely on computer games, rather than games in general. Further, the parent mediums have a strong focus on supporting experience, rather than interactiv...

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...games or entertainment. This has been accomplished by applying the approaches, theories and methods from narrative fields such as literature, theatre, film etc. (c.f. [7], [15], [17], [21], [23], and =-=[29]-=-). However, this research has focused solely on computer games, rather than games in general. Further, the parent mediums have a strong focus on supporting experience, rather than interactivity, which...

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...es the players from traditional turn-taking. 5.3 Location-based and Proximity-based Games Several projects have explored how to use location information to enhance computer games. Can You See Me Now? =-=[8]-=- features two kinds of players: some play online using avatars, moving the avatars across a map of the city while other players roam the actual city, chasing the avatars using handheld computers (PDAs...

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...gning enjoyment” [22] and its related work. 5.1 Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Games These games rely on high-precision body tracking and see-through head-mounted displays. The MIND-WARPING system =-=[27]-=- is a fighting game where one player places physical game pieces depicting monsters onto a projected board, whereas the other player plays the game in a VR-environment, fighting these superimposed mon...

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...to influence the game, meaning that body control is a critical element of the game. Examples include Brainball [11], where players’ brainwaves guide a ball towards the opposing goal, and Relax-to-Win =-=[2]-=-, where relaxation is required to win a race. 6 Identified Mechanics The descriptions of the identified mechanics below are short in line with the use among designers of traditional games, although we...

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... Other similar games include AR2 Hockey, AquaGauntlet, and RV-Border Guards (all described in [28]) which superimpose computer-rendered game elements on the players’ physical environment. Touch-Space =-=[6]-=- also superimposes game elements but switches between a virtual and semi-virtual world. 5.2 Tile-based Games Gorbet et al. [9] created the Triangles interface which, among other things, was used as a ...

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...tions of games using them.sArmed with this material, two additional events were arranged. The first one was a one-week research atelier with the aim to create game concepts using ubiquitous computers =-=[4]-=-. It gathered researchers from within Europe that during the given timeframe produced a number of different result: the Guild, a concept of technology supporting undercover live role-playing in urban ...

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... details. 3 Ludology Within the field of research on games, Ludology, most available work describes the historical development of games or focus on developing taxonomies of different game types (c.f. =-=[24]-=- for both examples and a description of other taxonomies). They do not typically address the question of designing new games, especially not new games utilizing novel technologies. When studying compu...

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...ojector.s5.4 Biofeedback Games These games use input from biosensors attached to players to influence the game, meaning that body control is a critical element of the game. Examples include Brainball =-=[11]-=-, where players’ brainwaves guide a ball towards the opposing goal, and Relax-to-Win [2], where relaxation is required to win a race. 6 Identified Mechanics The descriptions of the identified mechanic...

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...rm them about the avatars’ whereabouts. Pirates! [3] is a multi-player PDA-based game using radio-based proximity sensors to detect proximity to other players or ‘islands’ in the game. Pervasive Clue =-=[26]-=- is a pervasive mystery game in the form of a Live Action Role-playing game, where some clues are provided with sensing technology. Finding Mister X [1] equips people with sensor-collecting PDAs, the ...

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...me with a computer-controlled surface. The contest explored how computer qualities affect game design, and the results provided a significant part of a Master thesis on computer-augmented board games =-=[19]-=-. 4.2 Identification and Analysis of Game Mechanics Our first structured work to identify new mechanics applicable to computeraugmented games focused on board game mechanics. The starting point was to...

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...an be used to support games or entertainment. This has been accomplished by applying the approaches, theories and methods from narrative fields such as literature, theatre, film etc. (c.f. [7], [15], =-=[17]-=-, [21], [23], and [29]). However, this research has focused solely on computer games, rather than games in general. Further, the parent mediums have a strong focus on supporting experience, rather tha...

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...s the other player plays the game in a VR-environment, fighting these superimposed monsters with gestures. Other similar games include AR2 Hockey, AquaGauntlet, and RV-Border Guards (all described in =-=[28]-=-) which superimpose computer-rendered game elements on the players’ physical environment. Touch-Space [6] also superimposes game elements but switches between a virtual and semi-virtual world. 5.2 Til...

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...e market which rarely ventures from established game genres or brands. During 2001, 19 of the 20 best selling games in the US were either sequels or brand-based (e.g. Pokémon or Harry Potter) or both =-=[10]-=-, the exception being Halo which was published by Microsoft. This leads to a situation where the game industry may stagnate in terms of game styles rather than grow with the computer industry into new...

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...ayers or ‘islands’ in the game. Pervasive Clue [26] is a pervasive mystery game in the form of a Live Action Role-playing game, where some clues are provided with sensing technology. Finding Mister X =-=[1]-=- equips people with sensor-collecting PDAs, the objective being to identify a specific player given only that person’s sensor data. PingPongPlus [13] introduces the concept of Computer-Supported Coope...

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...llion, compared with $9.6 billion in 2001. The top 5 best selling PC games in 2001 sold over 1 200 000 copies each in the US, UK, France and Germany combined, with slightly larger sales for PS2 games =-=[25]-=-. Clearly, computer-based games are a very popular form of entertainment, but they have also suffered from various kinds of critiques; that they increase aggressive behavior, promote sedentary lives, ...

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...akes it hard or impossible to discuss and analyze games, game design and game design processes in an appropriate way. We intend to explore a possible solution to this problem by expanding Kreimeier’s =-=[14]-=- concept of game design patterns for computer games, regarding them as the next generation of game mechanics applicable to any type of game. A game design pattern is a formal description of a general ...

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...he new game mechanics this technology provides. The examples have also been selected because of their strongsfocus on creating playable games rather than testing technologies (for the latter see e.g. =-=[16]-=-). For further examples and technical details, see the references, as well as the workshop “Funology: designing enjoyment” [22] and its related work. 5.1 Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Games These ...

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...hysical, social and virtual environments. The papers presented at the workshop later formed the basis for a special issue on ubiquitous computing, to which additional research projects were submitted =-=[18]-=-. These events produced a large collection of possible technologies together with examples of actual implementations of games using them.sArmed with this material, two additional events were arranged....

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...playable games rather than testing technologies (for the latter see e.g. [16]). For further examples and technical details, see the references, as well as the workshop “Funology: designing enjoyment” =-=[22]-=- and its related work. 5.1 Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality Games These games rely on high-precision body tracking and see-through head-mounted displays. The MIND-WARPING system [27] is a fighting ga...